Ideogram DevelopmentThe development of desktop publishing and computer graphics software has made the process of creating ideograms of chromosome much easier than using freehand techniques. You don't need to be an artists to create high quality results using programs such as Adobe Illustrator or Deneba Canvas. Before you start creating your own ideograms I suggest that you look at a few good published examples (see Francke,1994).
Digitized Human Chromosome Ideograms are Available on DisketteDigitized human chromosome ideograms at the 850 band stage are now available in Macintosh and IBM format. You can find an order form in a recent issue of Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics.The following abstract is from the article by Uta Francke in Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 65:206-219 (1994) titled: Digitized and differentially shaded human chromosome ideograms for genomic applications. Human chromosome ideograms that depict 850 bands, numbered in agreement with ISCN (1981) nomenclature but based on actual measurements of band sizes and differentiated by five shades of staining intensity, have been digitized using commercially available graphics software. They provide for more accurate estimates of distances within chromosome arms, DNA content of chromosome bands and correlation between cytogenetic, molecular and genetic linkage maps than the standard ISCN ideograms. Recommended ReadingIf you are looking for excellent examples of how to construct high resolution ideograms I recommend reading the articles by Uta Francke (1978, 1981; 1994). Also take a look at the ISCN articles for additional information and examples of ideograms of the great apes.ReferencesCaspersson T, Lomakka G, Zech L: The 24 fluorescence patterns of human metaphase chromosomes - distinguishing characters and variability. Hereditas 67:89-102 (1971).Denver Conference (1960): A proposed standard system of nomenclature of human mitotic chromosomes. Lancet I:1063-1065 (1960). Francke U, Oliver N: Quantitative analysis of high resolution trypsin-Giemsa bands on human prometaphase chromosomes.Hum Genet 45:137-165 (1978). Francke U: High resolution ideograms of trypsin-Giemsa banded human chromosomes. Cytogenet Cell Genet 31:24-32 (1981). Francke U: Digitized and differentially shaded human chromosome ideograms for genomic applications. Cytogenet Cell Genet 65:206-219 (1994). Chicago Conference (1966): Standarization in Human Cytogenetics: Birth Defects. Original Article Series, Vol 2, No 2, New York, The National Foundation (1966). ISCN (1978): An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature: Birth Defects. Original Article Series, Vol 14, No 8, New York, The National Foundation, 1978; also in Cytogenet Cell Genet 21:309-404 (1978). ISCN (1981): An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature - High Resolution Banding (1981): Birth Defects. Original Article Series, Vol 17. New York, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, 1981; also in Cytogenet Cell Genet 31:1-23 (1981). ISCN (1985): An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature: Birth Defects. Original Article Series, Vol 21, No 1. New York, The National Foundation (1985). London Conference on the Normal Human Karyotype (1963): Cytogenetics 2:264-268 (1963). Reprinted in Chicago Conference, 1966, pp 18-19. Paris Conference (1971): Standarization in Human Cytogenetics: Birth Defects. Original Article Series, Vol 8, No 7, New York, The National Foundation, 1972; also in Cytogenetics 11:313-362 (1972). Paris Conference (1971), Supplement (1975): Standarization in Human Cytogenetics: Birth Defects. Original Article Series, Vol 11, No 9, New York, The National Foundation, 1975; also in Cytogenet Cell Genet 15:201-238 (1975). Patau K: The identification of individual chromosomes, especially in man. Am J Hum Genet 12:250-276 (1960). Yunis JJ: High resolution of human chromosome. Science 191:1268-1270 (1976). Yunis JJ, Sawyer, JR, Ball DW: The characterisation of high resolution G banded chromosomes of man. Chromosoma 67:293-307 (1978).
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