Figures and some text

many of the figures and text belong to the book Earth's Climate History

Prequaternary

• Precambrian
• Geological scale (4,500 millions of years)__
• Earth life and climate. Most important events.
• Snowball Earth theory. Neoproterozoic glaciations.
• CO2 cycle and biological pump.
• Clathrates (methane hydrates in the sea floor and carbon-13)__

• Paleozoic.
• Phanerozoic geological scale (the last 540 million years) and temperature evolution during this eon.
• CO2 during the Phanerozoic
• Cambrian map (500 million years ago)
• Devonian map(400 million years ago)
• Volcanoes and climate.

• Mesozoic.
• Triassic map(250 million years ago)
• Pangea. Triassic/Jurassic transition map (200 million years ago).
• Cretacic map(100 million years ago).
• Deep water production during the Cretacic
• Cretacic Black shales map

• Cenozoic. Tertiary.
• Cenozoic (the last 60 million years). Towards the cooling.
• Antarctica in the Oligocene. Ice begin to cover the continent (35 million years ago).
• Map of the monsoons, after the rise of the Tibet during the Miocene (25-5 million years ago).
• Mediterranean Sea desiccation at the end of the Miocene (5,5 million years ago).
• Map of the sea temperatures in the Pliocene (3 million years ago)
• Arctic freezing favoured by Siberian rivers runoff
• Siberian river basins map
• Arctic freezing due to the Panama Istmus closure during the transition Pliocene/Quaternary (3-2,5 million years ago)

The Quaternary

• The Pleistocene
• Cooling in the transition from Pliocene to the Quaternary (3-2,5 million years ago)
• Quaternary glaciations and marine isotopic stages
• Milankovitch cycles. Excentricity of the orbit.
• Milankovitch cycles. Precession of the equinoxes.
• Milankovitch cycles. The tilt of the Earth axis.
• Methane during Glaciations.
• Eem interglacial :
• The beginning of the Eem interglacial according to SPECMAP data and the limestone of Devil's Hole
• Insolation during the Eem interglacial (127,000 years ago) according to the month and latitude.
• Insolation at the end of the Eem interglacial (115.000 years ago).
• Alkenones and sea temperatures during the Eem interglacial.
• Ratio Mg/Ca and sea temperatures.
• The Last Glaciation:
• Last Glaciation. Changes in sea temperatures.
• Map of North Atlantic sea temperatures in August and February during the Last Glacial Maximum according to CLIMAP.
• Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice-sheets
• Barents and Kara ice-sheet.
• Atmospheric circulation during the last glaciation (according to Marcel Leroux)
• Atmospheric circulation during the last glaciation (according to paleoclimate models)
• Sea level during the last glaciation according to benthic foraminifera.
• Sea level during the last glacial cycle according to the coral relict reefs in Huon.
• Emerged land maps during the last glaciation
• Dansgaard-Oeschger Interstadials and Heinrich Events.
• Alkenones. Sea temperature in the Sea of Alboran
• Insolation at 65ºN and 65ºS through the last 30,000 years. Variation in the North Hemisphere according to John Kutzbach.
• Insolation and precession of the equinoxes. Changes in the seasonal radiation.
• CO2 and CH4 (methane) during the last glacial cycle.
• Temperatures and oxygen-18 in the ice sheets and seas (foraminifera).
• Deuterium in the Antarctic.
• Atlantic icebergs path during the last glaciation.
• Dropstones and ice-rafted debris.
• Atlantic oceanic circulation during stadials and interstadials during the last glaciation__
• Glaciation at the Tropics. Cariaco (Venezuela)
• Paleoclimate research in the Cariaco sea basin (Venezuela).
• Brazil during the last glaciation.
• Deglaciation:
• Oldest Dryas and the Heinrich-1 event
• The Younger Dryas period according to Wallace Broecker
• Antarctic Cold Reversal and Younger Dryas. Time lags.
• Sea level during the last deglaciation.
• CO2 and CH4 (methane) during the last deglaciation.
• Snow in Summit (Greenland) during the last deglaciation.

• The Holocene
• Holocene. Cooling event 8,200 years ago.
• Methane during the Holocene.
• Flooding in the Black Sea, 5.500 years ago.
• Mayas and climate.
• Droughts in the maya kingdom.
• the last millenium:
• Temperature variations during the last millenium. The Warm Medieval Period and the Little Ice Age.
• Tree rings and wood density evolution since 1400, related to volcanic eruptions.
• Solar radiation during the last millenium.
• Global temperature during the last millenium.
• Deforestation and CO2 increase during the last millenium.
• Sunspots and solar radiation at the top of the Atmosphere ("solar constant")
• Number of sunspots since 1600. Maunder Minimum.
• Cosmic radiation 1700-2000.
• Berilium-10 during the period 1400-2000.

Recent Climate

• solar radiation:
• The Greenhouse Effect. Vertical fluxes of energy trough the Atmosphere.
• Average solar radiation map in the Earth surface__.
• Solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere since 1978 until 2003
• Radiative forcing between 1850 and 2000 according to James Hansen
• Cloudiness and radiation.
• temperatures:
• Global Average Temperature since 1990 retrieved with surface thermometers.
• Global Average Temperature since 1990 retrieved from satellites.
• Global Average Temperature retrieved from the surface thermometers network during the 20th century.
• Temperature trend map during the last 50 years (1954-2004)
• Temperature trend maps according to the seasons during the 1950-2000 period.
• Average temperature map in years 2002, 2003 and 2004. Anomalies from the average temperature in the 1951-1980 period.
• Temperature trend map retrieved from satellites during the 1979-2003 period.
• Comparison between global average temperature retrieved from thermometers and satellites (1979)2002).
• Central England Temperature (1900-2000).
• oceanic circulation and sea level:
• Sea level variation 1993-2003 according to Topex-Poseidon project.
• El Niño effects in some regions of the world.
• Southern Oscillation Index during the 20th century.
• Sea level lowering in the Western Pacific Ocean (Nauru) during El Niño
• Thermohaline circulation map in the Atlantic Ocean
• Greenland and Norway Seas
• Gulf Stream map
• Gulf Stream. Heat transfer from the sea to the atmosphere.
• Deep water and oceanic currents in the Atlantic Ocean.
• Sea salinity
• polar regions :
• Arctic Map
• Sea ice in the Arctic Ocean (maps)
• Sea ice around Antarctica (maps)
• Sea ice extension 1972-2002.
• Arctic temperature 1880-2000.
• Alaska temperature.
• Arctic sea ice 1900-2000 (in August)
• Antarctica map
• Polynyas. Deep water formation.
• Greenland map
• Northwest passage
• Antarctic temperatures 1960-2000
• carbon dioxide :
• CO2, atmospheric increasing during the last decades
• CO2, phtosynthesis and respiration
• Human metabolism and CO2__
• Energy consumption by sectors and per capita consumption in rich and poor countries
• CO2, anthropic emissions and atmospheric accumulation.
• Regional emissions of CO2 between 1980 and 2000
• CO2 fluxes map between continental surface and the atmosphere (2001)
• CO2 fluxes map between ocean surface and the atmosphere.
• ozone and stratosphere:
• Global ozone 1979-2001.
• Average ozone worldmap.
• The ozone hole extension.
• The ozone hole map (25th September 2002)
• Volcanoes and stratospheric ozone.
• Temperatures in low stratosphere 1979-2001.
• miscellany:
• General winds in January and July.
• NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) index maps.
• Methane 1978-2001.
• Black carbon aerosol. Emissions 1875-2000.
• Atlantic Hurricanes. Frecuency 1950-1998.
• Monsoons in India 1870-2000.
• Monsoons in the Arabian Sea. Variations study according to the abondance of Globigerina Bulloides.
• Cold in Russia.
• Carbon 14. Anomalies and calibration curve.
• Carbon 14. Variations in the last 10,000 years.

... and some texts:

In the beginning, the heat

Did the Earth freeze?

Cyanobacteria produce oxygen__

Cambrian and ordovician climate

Foraminifera and paleoclimate

Glacial phases during the last glaciation

Milankovitch

Younger Dryas

The climate and the magdalenian culture

Greenhouse gases during the last deglaciation

Deep waters

Oceanic currents and thermohaline circulation

Vulcanism y metamorphism, weathering and calcium precipitation

Photosynthesis and oxidation. Biological pump in the sea.

CO2 sea dissolution and ocean ventilation

CO2 increase

The Kyoto Protocol__

Carbon 14__

Carbon 13__

Cosmic radiation and cloudiness

Climate and sunspots

CO2 is not so bad

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