BURUNDI: List of groups involved in the conflict and peace process
Source: Irin
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POLITICAL PARTIES - year 2000:
UPRONA [Union pour le progres national]: Created to demand independence in 1961 and was led by Prince Louis Rwagasore, a nationalist leader assassinated in October 1961.
Prince Louis Rwagasore was along with the Hutu Paul Mirerekano, one of the two pillars of the party and played an important role in leading the country towards independence.
Uprona intended to be a party for all ethnic groups.
It remained the only official political party in Burundi until 1993 when multiparty politics were introduced. In October 1998, the party was split over participation in the Arusha negotiations. Charles Mukasi heads the anti-negotiations wing while Luc Rukingama, the information minister, leads the pro-negotiations group. [Pro-Tutsi]
PARENA [Parti pour le redressement national]: Formed in 1995 led by former president Jean-Baptiste Bagaza. [pro-Tutsi]
PSD [Parti social-democrate]: Formed in 1993 and led by Godefroid Hakimana. [pro-Tutsi]
PIT [Parti independent des travailleurs ]: Formed in 1993 and led by Etienne Nyahoza. [pro-Tutsi]
ANNADE [Alliance nationale pour le droit et le developpement economique]: Formed in 1992 and led by Patrice Nsababaganwa. [pro-Tutsi]
INKIZO ["Le Bouclier"]: Formed in 1993 and led by Alphonse Rugambarara. [Pro-Tutsi]
AV-INTWARI [Alliance des Vaillants]: Formed in 1993 and led by Andre Nkundikije. [Pro-Tutsi]
ABASA [Alliance burundo-africaine pour le salut]: Founded in 1993 and led by Ambassador Terence Nsanze who lives in Europe. The internal wing is led by Serge Mukamarakiza. [Pro-Tutsi]
RADDES [Rassemblement pour la democratie, le developpement economique et social] Formed in 1993 and is led by Joseph Nzeyimana. [Pro-Tutsi]
PRP [Parti pour la reconciliation du peuple]: Monarchist party, formed in 1992. Led by the Brussels-based Mathias Hitimana. [Pro-Tutsi]
PL [Parti liberal]: Formed in 1992 and is led by Gaetan Nikobamye. [Pro-Tutsi]
FRODEBU [Front pour la democratie au Burundi]: Officially set up in 1992. The party won the first multiparty polls in June 1993 and its leader Melchior Ndadaye became the first Hutu president of Burundi. His assassination led to the current war in Burundi. FRODEBU is now led by Jean Minani based in exile. An internal wing is led by FRODEBU secretary-general, Augustin Nzojibwami. [Pro-Hutu]
PALIPEHUTU [Parti pour la liberation du peuple Hutu]: Led by Etienne Karatasi who is based in Denmark. The party was created at the end of the 1970s by Burundian Hutu refugees based in Rwanda. [Pro-Hutu]
CNDD [Conseil national pour la defense de la democratie]: Led by Leonard Nyangoma, former minister of interior and was founded in 1994. The party's armed wing, the Forces pour la defense de la democratie (FDD) - led by Jean-Bosco Ndayikengurukiye - has split from the mainstream movement. [Pro-Hutu]
RPB [Rassemblement pour le peuple du Burundi]: Formed in 1992 and is led by Balthazar Bigirimana. [pro-Hutu]
PP [Parti du peuple]: Formed in 1992 and led by Shadrack Niyonkuru. [pro-Hutu]
The Burundi government and the national assembly are recognised as separate entities in the Arusha peace process and make up the remaining negotiating sides (19 in all). The government delegation was led by the Peace Process Minister Ambroise Niyonsaba and the national assembly side by the speaker, Leonce Ndikumana. The first peace talks started in Arusha, Tansania in June 1988.
ARMED GROUPS:
FROLINA [Front pour la Liberation nationale]: Created in the mid-80s and led by Joseph Karumba. Signed the Arusha agreement on 28 August 2000.
FDD [Forces pour la defense de la democratie}: Formed in 1994, it split off from the Conseil national pour la defense de la democratie (CNDD) in 1998. It is led by Jean-Bosco Ndayikengurukiye. It did not sign the Arusha accord.
FNL [Forces nationales pour la liberation]: Now known as PALIPEHUTU-FNL and led by Cossan Kabura. It split off from PALIPEHUTU and did not sign the Arusha agreement.
Pro-Tutsi MOVEMENTS in Burundi:
SMO [Service Militaire Obligatoire]: Obligatory military service for secondary school pupils in Burundi. It acts as a pool for future army recruits.
AC GENOCIDE [Action contre le genocide]: Organises meetings on the 21st of every month in memory of the massacres of October 1993 following the assassination of President Ndadaye. It is led by Venant Bamboneyeho.
PUISSANCE d'AUTODEFENSE 'AMASEKANYA': A self-defence organisation for Tutsi youth, created in 1995 and led by Diomede Tutamucero.
SOJEDEM [Solidarite de la jeunesse pour la defense des minorites]: A youth organisation for the defence of minorities formed in 1993 and led by the Kampala based Deo Niyonzima.
JEUNESSE REVOLUTIONNAIRE RWAGASORE: A youth group claiming to stand for the ideals of the first Burundian prime minister Louis Rwagasore and is led by Bonaventure Gasutwa.