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The Ottoman
Turks, led by Memed II, capture Constantinople: The end
of the Byzantine Empire, 29 May Paris students, many of them foreign, riot in reaction to harrassment by authorities. Talbot defeated and slain at Castillon,
Gascony, in final battle of "The Hundred Years War,"
17 July Music: |
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Rasulid dynasty
ends in Yemen Treaty of Lodi, negotiated by Pope Nicholas V, ends hostilities among Milan, Venice, and Florence Americus Vespucius born, Florence, March Cardinal Kemp dies, 22 March Richard of York named "Protector" during Henry VI’s insanity, 27 March Earl of Salisbury named Chancellor, 29 March Bishop Thomas Bourgchier elected Archbishop of Canterbury, 23 April King Henry pronounced recovered, Christmas Published: |
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Gutenberg,
Füst and Schoeffer publish "Guttenberg Bible" in
Mainz, Germany François Villon fatally wounds a priest in a street brawl, 5 June, later banished from Paris Venice's Ghetto Nuovo island, future Jewish enclave, acquired by Costantino and Bartolomeo da Brolo Paris Cadamosto explores Senegal River in Africa for Portugal First Battle of Saint Albans begins
"Wars of the Roses," Somerset and Northumberland
killed, 22 May |
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Ottoman Turks
capture Athens but are defeated in Hungary Saint John of Capistrano, leader of Hungarian Crusade, dies of plague, 23 October Venetian explorer Alvise Ca’ da Mosto reaches Sierra Leone, furthest extent of Henry the Navigator’s expeditions in Africa Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, later
King Henry VII, born, 21 January Published: Art: |
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Francesco
Foscari forced to abdicate as Doge of Venice, dies days
later Belleville Aqueduct repaired in Paris and begins supplying water to city Scottish parliament, under James II, decrees that "Fute-ball and Golfe be utterly cryed downe" Art: |
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George of
Podebrad, Hussite leader, becomes King of Bohemia
Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini becomes Pope Pius II Portugese expedition against Alcácr Ceguer (now Ksar es-Shrhir) by Alfonso V and Prince Henry English nobility "reconciled," 25 March
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Battle of Blore
Heath, 23 September - "Wars of the Roses" resume between
Yorkists and Lancastrians Battle of Ludford Bridge, 12 October Parliament convenes at Coventry, 20 November Konrad Celtis born in Vienna St. Antoninus (b. 1389), Archbishop of Florence, dies |
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Prince Henry
the Navigator, sponsor of Portugese expeditions to
Africa, dies at Sagres, 13 November
Yorkists defeat Henry VI at
Northampton, Buckingham and Shrewsbury killed, 10 July
Winchester Cathedral completed Botticelli begins his apprenticeship with Fra Filippo Lippi in Florence Published: |
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Battle of
Mortimer's Cross, 2/3 February Owen Tudor beheaded at Mortimer's Cross Second Battle of St. Albans, 17 February Edward IV assumes the crown, 4 March Battle of Towton, Yorkists defeat last Lancastrian forces, Northumberland killed, 29 March Edward IV crowned, 28 June Charles VII of France dies, succeeded by Louis XI, a.k.a. "The Spider", 22 July Georg von Peurbach, Austrian mathematician and astronomer, dies, Vienna, 8 April |
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Ivan III
(the Great) seizes power in Russia, founding dynasty of
the House of Rurik |
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François
Villon escapes gallows and disappears from Paris
Ottoman Turks conquer Bosnia Monte de Pietà at Orvieto, low interest loans made to poor Saint Catherine of Bologna dies, 9 March Nicholas of Cusa dies, Lodi, Italy, August 11 Art: Published: |
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Pope Pius II
dies, succeeded by Pope Paul II Nicholas of Cusa dies Cosimo de’ Medici dies Medicis move their Geneva branch to Lyon Royal mail service established in France King Edward IV marries Elizabeth
Woodville, 1 May |
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Medicis
contract with Pope Paul II to exploit alum deposits in
Tolfa King Edward IV issues edict against "hustling of stones" and other bowling sports Content of silver in English coins reduced by 20% |
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Johann Fust, Guttenberg’s partner,
dies Desiderius Erasmus born, 28 October Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV, born, 11 February Art: Published: |
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Duke Philip II of Burgundy dies,
succeeded by Charles the Bold, brother-in-law
of Edward IV Pope Paul II adopts scarlet as official color for cardingals' robes Scottish Parliament decrees "fute-ball and golfe not to be used" |
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Johannes
Guttenberg dies, 3 February |
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Nanak, founder
of Sikhism, born at Talwandi, near Lahore King Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile Piero de' Medici dies Lorenzo de’ Medici confirmed as Piero's successor and takes over control of Medici banking empire Niccolo Machiavelli born in Florence, 3 May Vasco de Gama born Theatre: Art: |
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English
garrison at Calais refuses Warwick entry, 16 April
Earl of Warwick and Clarence arrive in France, May Warwick swears allegiance to Queen Margaret and Henry VI at French court in Angers, 22 July Anne, daughter of Warwick, betrothed to Prince Edward in Angers cathedral, 25 July Warwick's army invades England, landing near Exeter, 9 September Henry VI restored by Warwick, declared King, 3 October Edward IV, Richard Duke of Gloucester, and Lord Hastings flee to Burgundy Edward V born to Queen Elizabeth in Sanctuary at Westminster, 2 November Gil Vicente, Portugese playwright, born
Plays: |
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Pope Sixtus IV
assumes papacy The Fuggers of Augsburg begin business dealings with the Hapsburgs Thomas á Kempis dies, 25 July São Tomé discovered by Porugese, December 21 Edward IV returns to England with
Richard and Hastings to end "the winter of our
discontent," 12 March Art: |
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Danish
navigator Dietrich Pining discovers Newfoundland (?) John Bessarion dies, Ravenna, 18 November Regiomontanus observes what is later known as Halley's Comet Portugese discover Príncipe, January 17 Art: Plays: Published: |
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Richard, Duke
of York, son of King Edward IV, born, August
Nicolaus Copernicus born, 19 February
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Isabella I
becomes Queen of Castile Guillaume Dufay dies Art: Leonardo da Vinci accepted into Florentine painters guild as master Venice commissions Gentile Bellini to oversee repainting of Great Council Chamber frescos Published: William Caxton, in Bruges, publishes first book printed in English, Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye. First Latin translation of Herodotus' Histories |
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Cesare Borgia
born Francisco Pizarro born Vasco Núñez de Balboa born, Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Spain Willam Caxton establishes first English
printing press near Westminster Abbey Art: Published: |
| 1476 |
Charles the Bold
routed by enemies before Granson, flees leaving his
artillery, supplies and bathtub. Regiomontanus, Geman astronomer, dies, Rome, 8 July |
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Charles the
Bold, Duke of Burgundy, brother-in-law of Edward IV,
dies Maximilian, son of Emperor Frederick III, marries Mary of Burgundy, heiress of Charles the Bold – the Hapsburgs acquire the Netherlands Art: Published: |
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Giuliano de’
Medici, brother of Lorenzo de’ Medici, murdered in
Florence Cathedral by Pazzi assassin Florence placed under papal edict Pope Sixtus IV authorizes special special royal-religious court to investigate and prosecute heresy in Seville Castiglione born, 6 December Thomas More born in Milk Street, Cheapside, 7 February Art: |
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Ferdinand II
becomes King of Aragon Union of Aragon and Castile begins the Spanish state Venetian forces seize Cyprus from Turks Copenhagen University founded Destruction of Arras makes Brussels center of European tapestry industry |
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Ivan III styles
himself "Czar of the Russians" Ludovico Sforza becomes Regent of Milan Ferdinand and Isabella appoint inquisitors against heresy among converted Jews Ferdinand Magellan born Georg Faust born, prototype of the Faust legend Leonardo da Vinci invents the parachute Art: Published: Plays: |
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Peace of Arras
between Louis XI and the Hapsburgs Spanish Inquisition begun Paolo Toscanelli, mapmaker, dies, Florence, May 15 Amsterdam walled Queen Margaret, widow of Henry VI, dies
25 August Art: Published: |
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Fire destroys
doge's palace in Venice Francesco Guicciardini, Florentine historian, born Martin Luther born, 10 November King Louis XI of France, "The Spider," dies, his son Charles VIII succeeds The Russians begin to explore Siberia King John II of Portugal refuses to finance Columbus’ voyage King Edward IV dies, Edward V
proclaimed king, April Art: Caxton's edition of The Golden Legend |
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Pope Sixtus
dies, succeeded by Innocent VIII Papal bull "Summis desiderantes" against witchcraft and sorcery Ulrich Zwingli, Swiss Protestant reformer, born, 1 January Portugese navigator Diego Cam discovers the mouth of the Congo River King Richard III’s son, Edward, and his wife, Anne, die Art: Published: |
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King Richard
III defeated and killed at Battle of Bosworth Field, 22
August King Henry VII crowned, 30 October Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York Yeomen of the Guard established Thomas Cromwell born in Putney Rudolf Agricola, Heidelberg humanist scholar, dies Art: Published: |
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Maximilian I
elected King of Germany Portugese discover Angola Columbus convinces Spanish monarchs to finance his voyage west Humphrey Stafford denied right of
sanctuary because he was guilty of high treason, 13
May Art: Published: Plautus’ Menaechmi performed in Ferrara in an Italian translation |
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Bartolomeu Diaz
discovers the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa Spanish conquer Malaga from the Moors Supporters of Lambert Simnel defeated
at Stoke-on-Trent, 16 June |
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First drug
dispensary, Apotheke, in Berlin Andrea del Verrocchio dies King James III of Scotland murdered, 11
June, James IV succeeds |
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Thomas Cranmer
born, 2 July Margaret Tudor born, 29 November Anti-tax rebellion in Yorkshire and NE England Duke of Northumberland murdered Arthur proclaimed Prince of Wales Council of Wales and the Marches created at Ludlow Parliament distinguishes lay scholars from clerks in holy orders, limits laymen claiming "benefit of clergy" Plays: |
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Corpus Christi
Play performed at Eger, Bohemia First ballets at Italian court performances Leonardo de Vinci observes capillary action of liquids in small bore tubes First orphanages in Italy and Holland Plays: |
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King Henry VIII
born, 28 June Saint Ignatius Loyola born Scottish parliament renews its opposition to the "unproffitable sportis" of "Fute-ball and Golfe" |
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Lorenzo de
Medici, "The Magnificent," dies, 8 April Siege of Boulogne Fall of Granada ends Moorish influence in Spain Treaty of Naples secures peace with France Columbus departs on first voyage to West Indies, April 17 Torquemada orders Jews to convert or be expelled from Spain Pope Innocent VIII dies, despite pioneering experiment with blood transfusion, Roderigo Borgia, father of Cesare Borgia, chosen as Pope Alexander VI Pietro Aretino born Margaret of Navarre born Leonardo da Vinci draws a flying machine Piero della Francesca dies Martin Behaim of Nürmberg constructs first terrestrial globe Elizabeth, widow of Edward IV, mother
of Henry VII's queen, dies Art: Published: |
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James IV of
Scotland declares the end of the Macdonald Lordship of
the Isles Columbus, returning from America, makes landfall at the Azores, 18 February Papal bull Inter cetera divina divides newly discovered American lands between Spain and Portugal, 4 May First cases of syphilis reported in Barcelona Columbus sets out on second voyage, 25 September Columbus discovers pineapples on Guadeloupe Smallpox, imported by Europeans, first breaks out in New World, Santo Domingo Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III dies, succeeded by Maximilian I of Austria Paracelsus, Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, born, Einsiedeln, Schwyz, 1 May First successful settlement of São Tomé established by Álvaro Caminha |
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Hans Sachs born
in Nurenburg Georgius Agricola (né Georg Bauer), pioneer mineralogist, born, Glauchau, Saxony, 24 March Charles VIII of France invades Italy, enters Florence Medici family expelled from Florence, their property confiscated Poyning’s Law limits legislation in
Irish Parliament Art: Published: Theater: |
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John II of
Portugal dies, succeeded by Manuel I, "The Fortunate"
Savonorola preaches "Renovation Sermon" in Florence Cathedral, 13 January King Charles VIII of France enters Naples, 22 February Syphilis epidemic spread from Naples by French soldiers Ferdinand I, Pope Alexander VI, Emperor Maximilian, Milan and Venice form Holy League of Venice against France Holy League and France fight Battle of Fornova, Parma; Louis XII withdraws to France Jews expelled from Portugal Peter Apian, astronomer, born, Leisnig, 16 April Perkin Warbeck accepted at court of
James IV of Scotland Published: Music: Art: Plays: |
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Columbus
returns from second voyage to America Romano Pane, monk who accompanied Columbus, first describes tobacco Intercursus Magnus, commercial
treaty with the Netherlands Published: Art: Plays: |
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Vasco da Gama discovers the
Passage to India around Africa, 22 November
"The Burning of the Vanities," under Savonarola, in the Piazza de Signori, Florence, 7 February Bread riot in Piazzo de Grano, Florence, 19 February Savonarola excommunicated Spanish currency reform creates 8 reales coin, aka "Spanish dollar" or "Piece of Eight." Philipp Melanchthon, Protestant activist, born Jean François Fernel, pioneer French physician, born, Montdidier, Somme Lord Audley leads anti-tax rebellion in Cornwall, defeated at Blackheath Cornish tax rebels, including Michael an Gof, drawn and quartered after Battle of Deptford Bridge Perkin Warbeck captured at Taunton John Cabot lands in Newfoundland, or perhaps Nova Scotia. Claims whichever it is for England. Laymen denied right to claim "benefit of clergy" in cases of "petty treason" Plays: Published: Music: |
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King Charles
VIII of France dies, succeeded by Louis XII, founding
Vallois-Orleans dynasty Columbus departs on third voyage to America, discovers Orinoco River Savonarola burned at the stake in Florence, Eve of Ascension Day Torquemada dies Commynes completes his Mémoires (published in 1524) First German pawnshop opens in Nürmberg John Cabot departs on second voyage to
new world in search of NW Passage. Art: Published: |
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King Louis XII
of France invades Italy, occupies Milan, 6 October
War breaks out between Venice and Ottomans, Venetian fleet defeated at Sapienza Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda leave Spain to explore South America Marsilio Ficino dies, Florence, 1 October Moors revolt in Granada because of forced mass conversions by church University of Alcalá founded Niccolò Tartaglia, Italian mathematician, born, Brescia Oxford University institutes degrees in
music Art: Theatre: |
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Emperor Charles
V (King Charles I of Spain) born, 24 February King Louis XII of France defeats Duke Ludovica Sforza at Novara, 8 April Treaty of Granada: Louis XII partitions Naples with Ferdinand of Aragon Pedro Alvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal De Ojeda and Vespucci return to Spain with news of discovery of The Amazon River Bartolomeo Diaz drowns near Cape of Good Hope Peter Henlein invents mainspring-driven watch, "The Nürnberg Egg" Alfonso of Naples, husband of Lucrezia Borgia, murdered Aldus Manutius founds academy in Venice for study of Greek classics and invents italics University of Valencia founded Hailstorm brings down ceilings of Papal Palace, Rome, 19 July Ottavio de’ Petrucci prints music from movable type First recorded Caesarean operation by Swiss pig gelder Jakob Nufer Basque whaling fishery begun at Red Bay, Labrador First "black lead" pencils used in
England Art: Plays: Published: |
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Esma'il I
defeats Ak Koyunlu at Tabriz, ending Mongol control of
Persia Papal bull orders burning of books against Church authority Leonardo Loredan elected Doge of Venice Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII,
marries James IV of Scotland Published: Art: Plays: |
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Peasants’
revolt in Germany Piero Soderini heads reformed Florentine government as Gonfaloniere de Giustizia Columbus departs on fourth, and final, voyage to America. Vasco de Gama founds Portugese colony at Cochin, India Amerigo Vespucci concludes that South America is NOT India Arthur, Prince of Wales, dies, 2 April Peter Schoeffer, Guttenberg’s partner, dies University of Wittenberg founded Art: Music: Plays: Published: |
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Casa
Contratacción (Colonial Office) founded in Madrid
to deal with American affairs Spain conquers Naples Pope Alexander VI dies, 8 August Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini becomes Pope Pius III Pope Pius III dies, 18 October, succeeded by Giuliano della Rovere as Julius II Nostradamus born, 14 December Elizabeth of York, Henry VII’s queen, dies, 11 February Katherine of Aragon and Prince Henry betrothed, 25 June William Warham becomes Archbishop of Canterbury John More, Thomas More's father, becomes serjeant-at-law Thomas Wyatt born Published: First English translation of Thomas à Kempis’ Imitation of Christ Art and Architecture: Leonardo da Vinci returns to Florence and, probably, paints the Mona Lisa Francesco Parmigiano born, 11 January Agnolo Bronzino, Italian painter, born, 17 November Canterbury Cathedral begun |
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Columbus,
marooned in Jamaica, uses solar eclipse to intimidate
natives, 28 February Treaty of Blois, Emperor Maximilian recognizes French rule in Milan Treaty of Lyons cedes Naples to Spain Isabella of Castille dies University of Santiago de Compostela founded Guru Angad, second head of Sikhism, born Henry VII places English guilds and
trade companies under supervision of the Crown
Published: Art: Plays: |
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Second Treaty
of Blois: Louis XII renounces claim to Naples, leaving
Spain in control Henry, Prince of Wales, denounces marriage contract with Katherine of Aragon Maximilian I begins reformation of Holy Roman Empire as universal Hapsberg monarchy Christ’s College founded at Cambridge by Margaret, Countess of Richmond John Knox born Ivan the Great, Grand Duke of Moscow, dies Martin Luther enters Augustinian monastery at Erfurt Thomas Tallis born Portugese found factories on east coast of Africa Art: Published: |
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Safavids found
dynasty in Iran Prince Henry betrothed to Margaret of Austria Archduke Philip of Austria agrees to extradite Edmund, Earl of Suffolk, Yorkist pretender St. Francis Xavier born, 7 April Christopher Columbus dies, Vallodolid, Spain, 20 May Jakob Fuggar imports spices from E. Indies to Europe by sea Pope Julius II overcomes Bentivoglio family to gain control of Bologna Ancient Roman marble sculpture of Laocoön excavated in Rome, placed in papal collection Published: |
| 1507 | Polydore Virgil
appointed court historiographer by Henry VII Martin Waldseemüller names western continent "America" in his edition of Ptolemy Gentile Bellini dies Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, Italian architect, born, 1 October Cesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI, dies Outbreak of "Sweating Sickness" in London Art: |
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Maximilian I
assumes title of Emperor Pope Julius II confirms imperial title of German King Louis XII and Maximilian I form League of Cambrai to attack Venice, December Portugese explorer Diogo Lopes de Segueira reaches Sumatra Juan Ponce de León conquers Puerto Rico for Spain and enslaves inhabitants Andrea Palladio born, 30 November Art: Theatre: Published: |
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Maximilian
begins official persecution of Jews in Empire, orders
their books destroyed Jews from Mestre seek refuge in Venice, establishing first Jewish community there Pisa surrenders to Florence French defeat Venice at Agnadello, 14 May African slave trade to America proposed by Bartolomé de Las Casas, Bishop of Chiapas, to spare natives Guru Amar Das, third head of Sikhism, born Henry VII dies, Henry VIII succeeds, 22
April Published: Plays: Art: |
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Ismail, Shah of
Persia, forces Sunni Uzbeks out of Khurasan, establishes
Shii rule Henry VIII has Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley beheaded for unfair taxation Archbishop Warham calls provincial council to consider lay hostility to church Portugese acquire Goa in India Louis Bourgeois, French musician, born Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel John Colet founds St. Paul’s School, London Art: Plays: Published: |
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Sa'dib dynasty
established in Morocco Giorgio Vasari born, 30 July Henry VIII joins the Holy League against France, October Erasmus made professor of Greek at Cambridge Diego de Velasquez de Cuellar occupies Cuba Michael Servetus executed as heretic at Geneva Plays: |
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Battle of
Ravenna, 11 April, French defeated by Holy League
Anglo-Spanish force invades Aquitaine, but is forced back Ferdinand II overruns Navarra Amerigo Vespucci dies, Seville, 22 February Medicis, with papal support, regain power in Florence Brasenose College founded at Oxford Robert Fabyan, pioneer English historian, dies Fifth Lateran Council pronounces "Immortality of the Soul" a dogma of the Church Shi’ism made state religion of Persia by Ismail, head of the Safavid Empire Art: Music: |
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Balboa reaches
Pacific Ocean on west coast of Panama, 25 or 26
September Ponce de Leon lands in Florida, 27 March Portugese traders reach south China Pope Julius II dies, 21 February Giovanni de’ Medici, son of Lorenzo, elected Pope Leo X French attack on Milan defeated at Novara, 6 June "Battle of the Spurs," English defeat French, occupy Tournai, 16 August James IV of Scotland invades England with 30,000 man army and artillery, 22 August James IV of Scotland, et al, killed at Battle of Flodden, 9 September, his son James V succeeds Leonardo da Vinci leaves Florence for Amboise, France Machiavelli writes The Prince (published in 1532) Bibiena’s Calandria Published: |
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Ottoman Sultan
Selim I defeats Safavid at Chaldiran, Azerbaijan,
reestablishes control of Anatolia Richard Hunne, accused Lollard, found murdered in his cell at St. Paul's, 3 December |
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Louis XII dies,
1 January, succeeded by his brother Francis I Pope Leo X makes triumphal entry into Florence French defeat Swiss at Marignano, 13/14 September, re-occupy Milan Saint Theresa of Avila born, Avila, Spain, 28 March Johannes Schöner constructs first globe to include newly discovered lands and calls them "America" English Parliament, reacting to Hunne
case, debates clerical privileges, February Art |
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Ottoman Turks
take control of Algiers Concordat of Bologna, Pope gives French King more control over French Church, August Treaty of Noyon: Charles I of Spain recognizes French rule of Milan, August Venice rejects settling Jews on island of Giudecca, relegates them instead to Ghetto Nuovo, March 29 Gaspard de Coligny born, 16 February Mary I of England born, 18 February Published: |
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Ottomans
conquer Egypt and Syria from the Mamluks Imperial Reichstag meets at Mainz, demands action against Franz von Sickingen, July Luther nails 95 Theses to door of Wittenberg Cathedral, 31 October Vasco Núñez de Balboa dies, Panama Thomas More deals with "Evil May Day"
riots against "strangers" in London, 1-3 May Plays: Published: |
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Franz von
Sickingen attacks city of Metz Tintoretto born, 16 September English College of Physicians founded
by Doctor Buts, Royal Physician |
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Emperor
Maximilian dies at Wels, 12 January Charles I of Spain elected King of the Romans, 28 June, hence Emperor designate as Charles V Ferdinand Magellan discovers eponymous straits at southern tip of South America Alonso de Pineda discovers the mouth of the Mississippi River Cardinal Giulio de' Medici created Archbishop of Florence, effectively ruler of the city Cosimo de' Medici born Lucrezia Borgia dies, 24 June Thomas Gresham, citizen of London, born Art: Theatre: |
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Suleiman "the
Magnificent" becomes Ottoman emperor Emperor Charles V makes his first visit to England "Field of the Cloth of Gold," 6 June. Henry VIII meets with Francis I Saint Hunna, Patroness of Laundresses, canonized William Cecil, later Lord Burghley, born, 13 September Plays: |
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Ottomans under
Suleiman capture Belgrade Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice, dies Martin Luther excommunicated, 3 January Francis I of France declares war on The Holy Roman Empire, 22 April Henry VIII launches "The Great Enterprise" with Charles V against France Charles V, aided by Pope Leo X and Henry VIII, recaptures Milan, 19 November Charles V introduces papal Inquisition into Netherlands Ferdinand Magellan killed in The Philippines, 26 April Pope Leo X dies, December Manuel I of Portugal dies, succeeded by John III Cortez captures Tenochtitlan, 13 August Smallpox epidemic in Mexico devastates native population Edward Stafford, Third Duke of
Buckingham, executed by Henry VIII Music: |
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Ottomans
conquer Rhodes Charles V defeats the French at Bicocca, 24 June Adrian of Utrecht, Dutch ecclesiastic, elected Pope Adrian VI, last non-Italian pope until John-Paul II Joachim du Bellay born São Tomé taken over and administered by the Portuguese crown Published: |
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Duke of Bourbon
allies with Empire, invades Provence as far as
Marseilles Pope Adrian VI dies Cardinal Giulio de’ Medici elected Pope Clement VII Andrea Gritti elected Doge of Venice Zurich adopts Protestantism under Ulrich Zwingli Pierre de Ronsard born, 11 September Gabriele Falloppio, aka "Falloppius," pioneer anatomist, born, Modena Cardinal Wolsey introduces the
parliamentary subsidy Published: |
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Tahmasp I
succeeds Ismail I as Shah of Iran French recapture Milan, 26 October Giovanni di Verrazano explores N. American coast from Carolinas to Nova Scotia, discovers New York Bay Charles V proposes building a canal across the Isthmus of Panama Vasco de Gama dies, 24 December German peasants revolt Parliament extends authority of London guilds to Westminster and other suburbs within two miles of city. Theatre: Published: |
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English defeat
French at Pavia, capturing King Francis I, 24 February
Cardinal Wolsey fails to levy "Amicable Grant" to fund invasion of France Treaty of the More, settlement with France Tyndale’s English New Testament published in Cologne Wolsey obtains license to found "Cardinal College," later Christ Church, at Oxford Anabaptist Thomas Münzer executed, 27 May John Stow born, Threadneedle Street, parish of St. Michael, Cornhill, London First "High School" established in
Nuremberg, Germany |
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Suleiman and
the Ottomans invade Hungary, install anti-Habsburg Janos
Zapolya as king Mughal dynasty founded in India with victory of Babur at Panipat Francis I of France, captive, signs Treaty of Madrid making concessions to Emperor Charles V, January Francis I released, April, renounces Treaty of Madrid League of Cognac against Charles V: Francis I, Pope Clement VII, Venice, and Sforza form alliance Saint Benedict the Black, patron of African Americans, born in Sicily First New World slave revolt, 22 April Silver content of English coins reduced by 8% Juan Sebastián del Cano dies in South Pacific, 4 August |
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Imperial troops
of Charles V, under Duke of Bourbon, sack Rome, May
The Medici expelled from Florence, republic restored Ferdinand of Austria crowned King of Bohemia Henry
VIII begins negotiations with Rome for divorce or
annullment from Katherine of
Aragon Plays: Published: |
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French garrison
in Naples surrenders after death of Odet de Lautrec, 16
August English Privy Council tries to induce cloth manufacturers to retain employees in face of fall in foreign sales Art: |
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Suleiman's
Ottoman army, 330,000 strong, invades Hungary and
Austria, takes Budapst, beseiges Vienna French army in Milan defeated at Landriano, 21 June Charles V and Pope make peace, beseige Florence in support of the Medici Treaty of Cambrai, settles war between Henry VIII, Charles V and Francis I, August Food riots erupt in Lyons Charles V appoints commission to study building a canal to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at Panama Wolsey dismissed from all civil offices
Art: Plays Performed: Published: |
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Ivan the
Terrible born, 25 August Charles V outlaws beggary and directs municipalities to maintain their poor Protestant German states form League of Schmalkalden to defend against Charles V Florence surrenders to Papal and Imperial forces Charles V forces Clement VII to crown him in Basilica of St. Petronius, Bologna La Lotto de Firenze, first municipal lottery, held in Florence Cardinal Wolsey dies, 29 November Published: |
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Ulrich Zwingli
dies in Battle of Kappel, 11 October "Virgin of Guadalupe" appears to indigenous native boy in Mexico, 9 December Lisbon earthquake kills 30,000, 26 January English Royal "Proclamation Enforcing
Statutes against Beggars and Vagabonds" Published: |
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Cortez conquers
Mexico François Rabelais appointed physician to the Grand Hôtel-Dieu de Notre Dame de Pitié du Pont-du-Rhône, Lyon, 1 November Amsterdam sanitary provisions inspectors require drain pipes and sewers Audley presents Supplication of the
Commons against the Ordinaries to Henry VIII,
18 March Published: |
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John Calvin
experiences spiritual revelation; embraces his misson to
reform Church Anabaptists under John of Leyden gain control of Münster Mathematician Gemma Frisius devises trigonometric method of surveying Catherine de' Medici introduces bain marie (double boiler) to French court Michel de Montaigne born, 28 February Ludovico Ariosto dies, 6 June Anne Boleyn discovered to be pregnant,
mid-January Published: Plays: |
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Ottomans
establish control over Iraq Pope Clement VII dies, September, succeeded by Alessandro Farnese as Paul III Jesuit order founded by Ignatius Loyala Martin Luther completes German translation of the Bible “Aumône-Générale” established in Lyons - pioneer municipal poor relief body Mansa Mahmud III, emperor of Mali, receives Portuguese envoy Peros Fernandes Eliza Barton, "Maid of Kent," executed,
20 April Art: |
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Francesco
Sforza, Duke of Milan, dies without heirs, 1 November
William Tyndale arrested in Antwerp by
agents of the Council at Brussels, May Published: |
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Kaabu province
secedes from Mali Empire, beginning decline of its
hegemony in W. Africa Francis I, allied with Turks and German Protestants, renews war with H.R. Empire, invades Savoy Turin falls to French, 3 April Desiderius Erasmus dies in Basel, 12 July Charles V invades Provence from Piedmont but fails to take Marseilles, July Francois Rabelais, absolved of apostasy by Pope Paul III, is allowed to resume medical practice Inca rebels besiege Lima, Peru. Pisarro and his Native allies defeat them. 1st New World firearm fatality. Italian merchant Francesco Lappi uses "@" symbol in record of wine prices, oldest extant recorded use Katherine of Aragon dies, 7 January
Plays: Published: |
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Alessandro de'
Medici assasinated in Florence, 7 January Cossimo de' Medici confirmed as Duke of Florence by Charles V Venetian Senate sequesters property of “Turks, Jews and other Turkish subjects.” Northern revolt revived by Sir Francis
Bigod, January Drama: Published: |
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Pope Paul III
negotiates ten-year Truce of Nice between Charles V and
Francis I, June Francis I and Charles V meet at Aigues-Mortes to confirm Truce of Nice, July John Calvin preaches in Strassburg, marries Idelette de Bure Henry VIII issues Second Royal
Injunctions Art: Plays: Publishes: |
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Guru Nanak dies
at Kartarpur in Jullundur, succeeded as head of Sikhs by
Guru Angad Francisco de Ulloa explores the coast of California Hernando de Soto lands in Florida Cosimo, Duke of Florence, marries Eleonora di Toledo, sealing Spanish alliance Francis I & Charles V sign treaty threatening combined action against Henry VIII, 12 Jan. Customs duties of foreign merchants in
England reduced to level of domestic, 26 Feb Published: |
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Hungarian King
Janos Zapolya's death touches off fresh war between
Habsburgs and Ottomans Calvin's followers gain ascendency in Geneva Hernando Alarcon discovers Colorado River Francisco Vazquez de Coronado explores north of the Rio Grande Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas reaches The Grand Canyon Cromwell makes final address to
Parliament, 12 April Published: Plays: |
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Hernando de
Soto crosses the Mississippi River Francesco de' Medici born Francisco Pizarro stabbed to death by fellow conquistador in Lima, Peru, 26 June Paracelsus, Theophrastus von Hohenheim, dies, Salzburg, 24 September Saint John Leonardi born in Tuscany Venice's Ghetto Vecchio becomes, like Ghetto Nuovo, a jewish quarter, Romanian Jews consigned to it Henry VIII proclaims a new Bible must
be in every church, 6 May Published: Art: Plays: |
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Francis I
resumes war with Empire, attacks Luxemburg, Brabant,
Roussillon and Navarra Franco-Turkish fleet sacks Nice, 6 September Roman Inquisition reorganized St. John of the Cross born, 24 June St. Robert Bellarmine born in Tuscany Catherine Howard executed, 13 February
Music: |
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The Ottomans
subjugate Hungary Nicholas Copernicus dies, 24 May, shortly after publishing his heliocentric theory Luis Moscosos and survivors of DeSoto expedition, travelling down the Mississippi, reach Gulf of Mexico James Hamilton, Earl of Arran,
appointed Regent of Scotland, 3 January Published: Plays: Theatre: |
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Charles V
invades France, reaches Soissons, 12 September Charles and Francis sign Treaty of Crépy-en-Laonnois, September First rats arrive in America "Rough Wooing" of Scotland begun to
force compliance with Treaty of Greenwich Art: Drama: |
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Songhai forces
sack Mali Empire capitol, Niani Council of Trent convened Diego Gualpa discovers rich lode of silver in Cerro Rico, Peru Sir Thomas Bodley born, 2 March Henry Darnley born, 7 December William Cecil marries Mildred Cooke, 21 December Henry VIII makes his last speech to Parliament, 24 December Dr. William Butts, royal physician, dies Master of Revels made "standing office" under Lord Chamberlain Chantries Act: Property of colleges, fraternaties, brotherhoods and guilds confiscated King's Prymer published and required in all schools Published: |
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Martin Luther
dies, 18 February Johannes Piscator, Protestant theologian, author & Bible translator, born, 27 March (d, 1625) Henry VIII abolishes all books
containing "errors and heresy," 8 July Published: |
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Charles V
defeats Schmalkaldic League at Battle of Mühlberg,
24 April Francis I of France dies, succeeded by his son Henri II Ivan IV, "The Terrible," becomes Grand Duke of Moscow, adopts the title "Tsar" Miguel de Cervantes baptised in Alcalá de Heraves, 9 October Hernando Cortez dies, 2 December St. Cajetan dies in Naples Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, poet and
courtier, executed for treason, 19 January Art: Published: |
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Portugese
traders "discover" Japan Charles V defeats Protestant forces in Battle of Mühlberg, imposes "Interim of Augsburg" Parlement de Paris bans Mystery plays Hugh Latimer preaches Sermon of the Plough at St. Paul's, 18 January Somerset issues Order of Communion, 8 March Abolition of the Feast of Corpus Christi in England Pietro Martire Vermigli, "Peter Martyr," becomes Regius professor at Oxford Catherine Parr dies, 5 September Published: Edward Hall, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke Ignatius Loyola, Spiritual Exercises Francesco Robertello's translation of Aristotle’s Poetics |
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Pope Paul III
dies Margaret of Navarre dies, 2 December Sir Thomas Seymour executed, 20 March
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Giovanni Maria
del Monte elected Pope Julius III Charles IX of France born, 27 June Joan Boucher, "Joan of Kent," burned as
heretic, May Music: Drama: Published: |
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Ottomans
complete conquest of all of North Africa except Morroco
Henry III of France born, 19 September Martin Bucer dies, February Russians seize Kazan King Tabinshweti of Burma beheaded by his chamberlain while hunting fictitious white elephant William Camden born in London, 2 May
Art: Published: Plays: |
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Treaty of
Chamford betwen Henri II of France and German
protestants, January Francis Xavier dies, 2 December Guru Angad, second head of Sikhism, dies, succeeded by Guru Amar Das Duke of Somerset executed, 22 January
Plays: Published: |
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François
Rabelais dies in Paris, 1 March Henri de Bourbon-Navarre born at Pau, son of Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne d”Albret and heir, after Henri II‘s sons, to the French crown, 13 December New wave of anti-Semitic persecutions breaks out in Europe, aimed at suspect "converts" Shen Ching born Edward VI opens Parliament, 1 March;
dissolves it, 31 March Plays: Published: |
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Sebastiano
Serlio dies in Fontainbleau
Sir Thomas Wyatt and followers reach
Southwark, 3 February Plays: Published: |
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Charles V
resigns the sovereignty of The Netherlands to his son
Philip Pope Julius III dies 23 March Cardinal Marcello Cervino becomes Pope Marcellus II, dies 30 April Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV Pope Paul IV declares that Jews must be segregated in a quarter apart from Christians Teresa of Avila commits herself to religious life Peace of Augsburg, September Agricola dies, Saxony, 21 November Imperial and Florentine troops capture Sienna Serious famine in northwest India John, Earl of Bedford, dies 14 March
Theatre: Art: |
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Charles I of
Spain (Emperor Charles V) abdicates crown in favor of
his son, Philip II, January Philip II and Henri II enter into Truce of Vaucelles St. Joseph Calasanz born in Aragon Michel de Nostradamus dies, 2 July Pietro Aretino dies in Venice, 21 October Saint Ignatius of Loyola dies, 31 July Russians occupy Astrakhan Earthquake in Shaanxi, China, kills estimated 830,000 English, after long injunction, permit hops to be added to beer Plays: Agricola, De Re Metallica Giovanni della Casa, Il Galateo, influential "courtesy" book |
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Henri II breaks
Truce of Vaucelles; Duke of Guise invades Italy
Spanish invade France from the Netherlands, defeat French at St. Quentin, 10 August Manuel I of Portugal dies, succeeded by Sebastian Niccolò Tartaglia, Italian mathematician, dies, Venice, 13 December Anne of Cleves dies, 16 July Art: Music: Published: |
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Calais falls to
the French, 5 January Epidemic of influenza in Venice Jean François Fernel, pioneer French physician, dies, Fontainbleu, Seine-et-Marne, 26 April Mary, Queen of Scots, marries Francis,
Dauphin of France, 24 April ? or 25 August ? Theatre: Published: |
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Pope Paul IV
dies, succeeded by Giovanni Angelo de’ Medici as Pius IV
1st Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis: French to occupy Calais for eight years, 2 April 2nd Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis: End of French influence in Italy, 3 April Henri II of France, mortally wounded in a joust, dies, succeeded by his son Francis II Francis II crowned King of France, 18 September Italians invent ice cream Robert Dudley appointed Master of the
Horse, 11 January Art: Theater: |
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Akbar becomes
emperor of Moghul India Francis II, King of France, husband of Mary Queen of Scots, dies of tubercular meningitis, 5 December Charles IX, the late king’s brother, becomes King of France Jeanne d’Albret, mother of Henri de Bourbon-Navarre, declares her adherence to Calvinism, Christmas First smallpox epidemic in Brazil Marie of Guise, mother of Mary Queen of Scots, dies, 11 June England and France withdraw forces from Scotland after Treaty of Edinburgh, July Scottish Parliemeent accept protestant Confession of Faith, August Dutch theologian Arminius born Treaty of Edinburgh, 6 July, forces
French withdrawal from Scotland Art: Music: Theatre: |
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Francis Bacon
born, 22 January Mary Queen of Scots lands in Scotland at Leith, 19 August Philip II withdraws Spanish troops from The Netherlands Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke, born, 27 October Lord Ambrose Dudley made Earl of Warwick, 26 December Music: John Stow, A Summarie of Englysh Chronicles, first of eleven editions in Stow's lifetime John Stow's edition of The Works of Chaucer Ruy Lopez, Libro de la invencion liberal y arte dul Juego del Acerez, on chess Seneca, Hercules Furens, first English translation by Jasper Heywood Leopolita Bible, or "Old Cracow Bible," Polish translation of Vulgate by John of Lemberg, printed in Cracow Gabriele Falloppio, aka "Falloppius," Anatomy, published in Venice |
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Battle of
Dreux, 19 December Venice enacts sumptuary law mandating that all gondolas be painted black Gabriele Falloppio, aka "Falloppius," pioneer anatomist, dies, Padua, October 9 Queen Elizabeth nearly dies of smallpox
Art: Theatre: Plays Produced: Published: Art: |
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Peace of
Amboise, 25 March Le Havre surrenders to the French, 27 July Convocation approves "Thirty-Nine
Articles" of English Church Published: Art: |
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Holy Roman
Emperor Ferdinand I dies, succeeded by his son
Maximilian II Duke Cosimo de' Medici of Florence abdicates in favor of his son Francesco Spanish occupy Philippines and build Manila Pedro Menendez founds Saint Augustine, Florida Pope Pius IV confirms Council of Trent’s "Professio Fidei" Galileo Galilei born, 15 February John Calvin dies, 27 May Peace of Troyes with France Andreas Vesalius dies Willam Bathe, Irish Jesuit educational innovator, born in Dublin, d. 1614 Amsterdam building ordinance requires municipal approval of pilings and other provisons Company of Mines Royal, pioneer
chartered joint-stock venture, created Theatre: Art: |
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Pedro Menendez
founds St. Augustine, Florida Francesco de' Medici marries Archduchess Joanna of Austria Pope Pius IV dies Mary Queen of Scots marries Henry
Stuart, Lord Darnley, son of Mathew Stuart, 4th Earl of
Lennox, 29 July Royal College of Physicians allowed to perform human dissections Company of Mineral and Battery Works chartered as joint-stock company Sir John Hawkins introduces sweet potatoes and tobacco into England John Shakespeare elected Stratford Alderman, 4 July, installed 12 September Theatre: Published: Art: |
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Ottoman sultan
Suleyman the Magnificent dies; his son Selim II, aka
"Selim the Sot," succeeds him Cardinal Michael Ghislieri becomes Pope Pius V Nostradomus dies, 1 July Diane de Poitiers, mistress of Henri II, dies Notizie Scritte, one of the first newspapers, appears in Venice David Riccio murdered in Edinburgh, 9
March Theatre: Art: Plays: Published: |
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Pietro Loredan
elected Doge of Venice Rio de Janeiro founded Nobunaga deposes the shogunate in Japan Catholic church bars sale of indulgences Rugby School founded Theatre: Music: Art: Published: |
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Treaty of
Longjumeau ends Second War of Religion in France
Gerardus Mercator devises cylindrical projection Archbishop Parker’s "Bishop’s Bible"
published Art: Theatre: Published: |
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Pope Paul V
grants Cosimo de' Medici title of Grand Duke of Tuscany
Hugenauts defeated near Jarnac by duc d’Anjou. Condé killed. 13 March Mikolaj Rej, "Father of Polish Literature," dies First lottery held in England at the
steps of St. Paul’s, 11 January, to finance port
repairs Theatre: Art: Published: |
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Ottomans
capture Cyprus, declare war on Venice Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye ends Third Religous War in France, amnesty for Huguenots Pietro Loredan, Doge of Venice, dies, succeeded by Alvise Mocenigo I Jean Antoine de Baïf founds Académie de Poésie et de Musique, Paris Samuel de Champlain born >Earl of Moray, Regent of Scotland, murdered by James Hamilton, 22 January Earl of Lennox, Darnley's father, succeeds as Regent of Scotland George Buchanan appointed James' tutor Guy Fawkes born, 16 April English Plantation of East Ulster founded Regnans in Excelsis,Pope Pius V's bull of excommunication against Elizabeth, Corpus Christi Day Theatre: Published: Art: |
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Turks capture
Famagusta, Cyprus, and massacre population Battle of Lepanto, Don John of Austria and Spanish fleet defeat Turks, 7 October Miguel de Cervantes wounded in Battle of Lepanto Johannes Kepler born, 27 December Royal Exchange dedicated by Queen
Elizabeth in London, 23 January Theatre: Art: Plays: |
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Pope Pius V
dies, Cardinal Ugo Buoncompagni elected Pope Gregory
XIII Pope Gregory XIII appoints commission to study calendar reform Dutch War of Independence against Spain begins Jeanne d’Albret, Queen of Navarre, dies. Her son Henri becomes King of Navarre. 9 June Henri de Navarre marries Margaret de Valois, sister of Charles IX of France 18 August "St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre" in Paris, two thousand protestants murdered 24 August Fourth War of Religion begins in France Heinrich Gutberleth, innovative educator, b. in Hersfeld, John Knox dies, 24 November Theatre: Published: |
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Peace of
Constantinople ends war between Turks and Venice
Fourth War of Religion ends in France Wan-Li begins reign as 13th emperor of the Ming Dynasty in China Príncipe taken over and administered by the Portuguese crown Sir Francis Walsingham made chief
Secretary of State Theatre: Art: Plays: |
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Hafsid dynasty
ends in Tunisia Guru Amar Das, third head of Sikhism, dies; succeeded by Guru Ram Das Cosimo de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, dies in Florence King Charles IX of France dies of pulmonary tuberculosis, succeeded by his brother Henri III Fifth War of Religion begins in France Fire destroys part of Venice's Ducal Palace Conrad Dasypodius builds The Strasbourg Clock Portuguese colonize Angola and found Sao Paolo First New World victims of Spanish Inquisition burned at the stake, 28 February Anne of Denmark, future wife of James
I, born, 12 December Earl of Leicester’s Men, including James Burbage, licensed to play in London and at court Richard Farrant opens The Blackfriars John Day born in Crawston, Norfolk Music: Art: |
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Spanish
government declared bankrupt King Henri III of France founds Académie du Palais William of Orange founds Leiden University Tycho Brahe constructs observatory at Uraniborg for Frederick II of Denmark First European imitations of Chinese porcelain made in Venice and Florence Plague outbreaks in Sicily spread to Italy up to Milan Plague reduces Venetian population by ninety percent English Parliament guarantees freedom
from arrest for its members and their servants
Theatre: Art: Music: Plays: George Turberville, Book of Falconrie Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, 17 years captive of Indians in Florida. Uses name "Tanpa" Piccolomini’s translation of Aristotle’s Poetics Works of Gabriele Falloppio, aka "Falloppius," published posthumously by Volcher Coiter, Nuremberg |
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Henri
Bourbon-Navarre escapes from French court and renounces
his allegiance to Catholicism January
Act of Federation between Holland and Zeeland signed at Delft Edict of Beaulieu decrees toleration of Reformed religion in France Emperor Maximilian II dies, succeeded by his brother Rudolf II Spanish sack Antwerp Plague in Milan. Public gatherings prohibited in Venice for plague, but ban is ignored for Titian's state funeral. League of Torgau draws up Lutheran Articles of Faith François Viète introduces decimal numbers Robert Devereux succeeds his father as
Earl of Essex, 21 September Theatre: Plays: Art: Published: |
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Guru Ram Das
founds The Golden Temple of Amritsar, holiest site of
Sikhism Alvise Mocenigo I, Doge of Venice, dies Henri de Navarre recognized as head of Huguenot party Sixth War of Religion begins in France, Treaty of Bergerac accepted by Huguenots, truce in French religious wars 17 September Milan Cathedral consecrated by Cardinal Carlo Borromeo Beatrice Cenci born Hernando de Herrara, Spanish poet, dies Mary Sidney marries Earl of Pembroke,
21 April Theatre: Art: Published: |
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King Sebastian
of Portugal killed at Battle of Alcazar, succeeded by
Henry I Jesuit English College of Douai removed to Rheims Catacombs of Rome discovered Le Pont Neuf begun in Paris Earl
of Morton resigns as Regent, James VI assumes
government of Scotland, March
Art: Plays: |
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Jesuit English
College removed from Rheims to Rome Dutch Republic founded with Union of Utrecht Portughese merchants found trading station in Bengal English form military alliance with
Dutch Estates Theatre: Art: Published: |
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King Henry I of
Portugal dies, Portugese throne claimed by Philip II of
Spain Saint Peter Claver born in Spain Earthquake in England, centered near
Oxford, felt in London, 6 April Theatre: Art: Music: Published: |
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Edmund Campion
convicted of treason and executed James VI of Scotland signs "Second Confession of Faith" Earl of Leicester granted manors of Great and Little Hampton, 9 January Earl of Morton, convicted of complicity in the murder of Darnley, beheaded by "The Maiden," a forerunner of the guillotine, June Richard Hathaway, Shakespeare’s father-in-law, writes will, 1 September English Parliament approves fine against "popish recusants’ Revised Oxford "Statute of Matriculation" requires subscription to "39 Articles" and "Royal Supremacy" Francis Drake seizes Spanish treasure ship Cacafuego off Panama Art: Theatre: Plays Produced: Published: |
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Gregorian
Calendar adopted in Papal States, Spain and Portugal, 15
October Gregorian Calendar adopted in France, Netherlands, and Scandinavia, December Norbunaga, ruler of Japan, assassinated Saint Theresa of Avila dies Jesuit mission founded in China James VI of Scotland kidnapped at
Ruthven Theatre: Art: Published: |
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Duke of Alva
dies in Lisbon, 12 January Albrecht von Wallenstein born William of Orange accepts sovereignty of the northern Netherlands Ralph Fitch and John Eldred lead
English trade expeditions to Mesopotamia, India, and
The Persian Gulf Theatre: Music: Published: |
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Ivan the
Terrible dies, 18 March, his son Fyodor succeeds but
cedes power to Boris Gudonov Germany and Switzerland adopt Gregorian calendar William "The Silent" of Orange assassinated by Balthazar Gérard at instigation of Philip II, 10 July; according to Motley, "Little children cried in the streets." Francois, duc d’Anjou, brother of Henri III, dies, making Henri Bourbon-Navarre French heir presumptive Cardinal Carlo Borromeo, Archbishop of Milan, dies Banco di Rialto founded in Venice Dutch establish trading post at Archangel, Russia Thomas Norton released from Tower, dies
10 March Theatre: Art: Plays Produced: Published: |
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Pasquale
Cicogna elected Doge of Venice Henri III and Elizabeth I decline sovereignty of the Netherlands Pope Gregory XIII dies, 10 April ( by his calendar ) Cardinal Felice Peretti becomes Pope Sixtus V Jesuit University founded in Graz, Austria Pierre de Ronsard dies Saints Camillus de Lellis and Philip Neri found "Servants of the Sick," order of male nurses Hideyoshi establishes Shogun dictatorship in Japan Amsterdam's Herengracht laid out Sir Francis Drake sails for Spain, 14
September, attacks Vigo and Santo Domingo Theatre: Art: Music: Plays Produced: Lucas Janszoon Waghearen, Spiegel der Zeevaart, on sailing John Higgens, Nomenclator , definitions of popular terms |
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Ludwig Pfyffer
forms League of the Seven Swiss Catholic Cantons
Sir Henry Sidney dies, 5 May Star Chamber limits number of printing presses and licensed printers; assigns licensing of books to Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of London, 23 June Privy Council introduces Books of Orders regulating local Justices of the Peace Sir Francis Drake returns from Spain, 28 July Sir Francis Drake attacks and razes Spanish settlement at St. Augustine , Florida English troops first engage Spanish in Netherlands Earl of Leicester appointed "absolute governor" of Netherlands William Camden and friends founds "Society of Antiquaries" and publishes Britannia Trial of Babington Plot conspirators, 13 September, Mary, Queen of Scots, implicated Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, is taken to Fotheringhay, 25 September, tried for treason, 15 October, sentenced to death, 25 October; Parliament finds Mary guilty of treason, 29 October; Parliament petitions Elizabeth to sign the death warrent, 12 November Mary, Queen of Scots, recognizes Philip II of Spain as her heir to English crown Pope Sixtus V promises financial aid to Spanish Armada Sir Philip Sidney lends his leg armour to a fellow campaigner, dies of thigh wound at Zutphen, 17 October John Shakespeare steps down as Stratford Alderman, 6 September Theatre: Published: Art: Plays: Guild of Funerary Violinists chartered with George Babcotte as sole member, 6 June |
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'Abbas the
Great becomes Shah of Persia Outbreak of insanity, called "Saint Vitus' Dance," caused by ergot poisoning in Germany Grand Duke Francesco dies in Florence, succeeded by his brother Cardinal Ferdinando Mary, Queen of Scots, executed at
Fotheringhay, 8 February Theatre: Music: Plays: Published: |
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Shah Abbas I
becomes Safavid Shah of Iran Lope de Vega married by proxy in Madrid, 29 May, leaves to join the Armada Jusepe Ribera, Spanish painter, born, 12 January Henri de Navarre defeats French Royal forces, sends Montaigne as peace envoy to Paris Henri de Lorraine, Duke of Guise, and his brother Louis, Cardinal of Guise, assassinated at Blois on orders of Henri III, 23 December Their brother, the Duke of Mayenne, becomes leader of The Catholic League Vatican Library opens Johann Heinrich Alsted, Encyclopedist, born, Mittenaar, March (d. 1638) Army of 4,000 musters at Tilbury, 26
July Theatre: Art: Plays: Published: Music: |
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Catherine de’
Medici dies, 5 January Henri III reconciled with Henri Bourbon-Navarre and take on League forces 30 April Henri III and Henri of Navarre besiege Paris 30 July Henri III fatally stabbed by Jacques Clément, proclaims Henri of Navarre his heir 1 August Henri III of France dies , 2 August Henri IV, King of Navarre, becomes King of France, founds Bourbon dynasty Forks used for the first time at French court Jews of Venice granted status of Venetian subjects Jesuit Matteo Ricci sees the mummified body of Huineng at Hnhua Temple in northern Guandong and calls him Lusu (i.e. 六祖, "The Sixth Patriarch") James VI of Scotland marries Anne of
Denmark by proxy, 20 August Plays: Published: Art: Music: |
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Catholic League
declares Cardinal de Bourbon King Charles X of France,
January Leaue forces, under Mayenne, defeated by Henri IV at Ivry 14 March Charles X dies, May Henri IV lays seige to Paris Pope Sixtus V dies, 27 August Cardinal Giambattista Castagna becomes Pope Urban VII, 15 October Pope Urban VII dies, 27 October Cardinal Niccolò Sfondrato becomes Pope Gregory XIV Coal mining begun in the Ruhr First English paper mill begins
production at Dartford Published: Art: Theatre: Plays:: |
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Pope Gregory
XIV excommunicates Henri IV of France Pope Gregory XIV bans betting on papal elections Pope Gregory XIV dies Cardinal Antonio Facchinetti becomes Pope Innocent IX, no record of what his odds were Chartres capitulates to Henri IV after seige 10 April Pope Innocent IX dies, 30 December Saint John of the Cross dies Guercino, Italian painter, born, 8 February Vincenzo Galilei, Italian lutanist and composer, father of Galileo, dies Boris Godunov, Regent of Russia, has Dmitri, son of Ivan the Terrible, assassinated Sen no Rikyu, founder of the tea ceremony, commits hara--kiri at the command of his lord, Hideyoshi Queen Elizabeth founds Trinity College, Dublin Robert Herrick born, 20 August Lord Chancellor Sir Christopher Hatton dies, 20 November Edward Coke named Recorder of London English troops sent to support Protestants in Britanny James VI of Scotland publishes His Majesty’s Poetical Exercises Hacket’s treason The loss of the "Revenge" The colony at Roanoke Island, now North Carolina, found deserted Proclamation against Jesuits and seminaries Robert Herrick born in London, baptised 24 August Art: Plays produced: Plays Published: Published: |
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Cardinal
Ippolito Aldobrandini elected Pope Clement VIII Duke of Parma dies Peter Stuyvesant born, 8 September Michel de Montaigne dies at his family chateau, 13 September Portugese settlement at Mombasa founded Juan de Fuca discovers British Columbia Ruins of Pompei discovered Galileo Galilei begins lecturing on mathematics at the University of Padua Windmills first used in Holland to drive mechanical saws Coffee first mentioned by a European writer Johann Amos Comenius born in Moravia, d. 1670 in Amsterdam Severe plague strikes London, 15,000
die Theatre: Art: Plays produced: Plays Published: Published: Music: |
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Battle of
Sisak. Hassan Pasha and Slovenes defeat Ottoman
army, halt Turkish advance, 22 June Henri IV renounces Calvinism in the basilica of Saint-Denis 25 July Sant’ Ambrogio Bank founded in Milan Amsterdam's Keisergracht laid out Izaak Walton born in Stafford, 9 August
Theatre: Art: Plays Produced: Published: Plays Published: |
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Henri IV
crowned at Chartres because Reims was still loyal to The
League 27 February Henri IV enters Paris 22 March Edict of St. Germaine-en-Laye grants Huguenots freedom of worship Gerard Mercator dies, 2 December Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina dies in Rome, 2 February Giordano Bruno arrested for advocating Copernican astronomical theory Ralph Fitch returns to London from
overland journey to India and Ceylon Theatre: Art: Plays produced: Plays published: Published: |
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Pasquale
Cicogna, Doge of Venice, Dies Henri IV declares war on Philip of Spain to force end of support for League holdouts in Britainy, January Pope Clement VIII removes ban of excommunication from Henri IV, acknowledges him as king, 17 September Spanish land in Cornwall, burn Penzance and Mousehole Dutch begin to colonize East Indies Peasant revolt in Upper Austria Warsaw becomes capitol of Poland Poet Robert Southwell hanged at Tyburn
for becoming a Jesuit priest, 21 February Theatre: Art: Plays produced: Plays published: Books published: |
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Decrees of
Folembray. War of Catholic League ends in
France Imperial army defeated by Turks at Keresztes, northern Hungary Spanish capture Calais René Descartes born, 31 March Niccolò Amati, Italian violin maker, born, 3 December Philip III offers 1,000 crowns and Dutch offer 10,000 florins for solution to problem of longitude English begin "pacification" of Ireland
Theatre: Edmund Spenser, Faerie Queen, Books IV-VI Sir John Harington’s Metamorphosis of Ajax Lodge’s Wit’s Misery Drayton’s Mortimeriados Sir John Davies’ Orchestra William Shakespeare, Venus and Adonis, O2, by Field for Harrison? Johannes Kepler, De admirabili proportione coelestrium orbium Ludolph van Cuelen, Van den Circkel, calculates "pi" to twenty places G. D. Rheticus, Trigonometric Tables, published posthumously John Napier, "A plaine discovery . . . ," first tables of "logarithms" Richard Johnson, The Most Famous Historie of the Seven Champions of Christendome Plays produced: Plays published: Art: |
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Twenty six
Christians, including Saint Peter Baptist, tortured and
martyred in Nagasaki, Japan, 6 February Second Spanish Armada defeated Paris panics at news of Spanish conquest of Amiens, 11-12 March Philip II of Spain opens peace talks with Henri IV of France Spanish forces surrender Amiens to Henri IV’s forces, 19 September Re-Catholicization of Upper Austria effected by force William V, Duke of Bavaria, abdicates in favor of his son, Maximilian I, and retires to a monastery Aldus Manutius the Younger dies, Venice's "Aldine Press" ceases publishing Dutch found Batavia, Java Russian Czar Boris Godunov decrees Edict of 1597 enforcing rights of masters over serfs Hernando de Herrara, Spanish poet, dies Lord Pembroke’s Men contract for use of
the Swan Theatre, February Theatre: Art: Music: Ottari Rinuccini's opera seria, Daphne, with music by Jacopo Peri, produced in Florence William Shakespeare, 1 & 2 Henry IV George Chapman, An Humorous Day’s Mirth, a "City Comedy" The Case is Altered Plays Published: Published: |
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Fyodor I of
Russia dies, Boris Godunov elected Czar by national
assembly Duke Alfonso II of Ferrara dies, Pope Clement VIII seizes duchy Treaty of Ponts de Cé ends civil war in France Peace of Vervins, Philip II renounces claim to French crown, 2 May Henri IV of France reorganizes University of Paris King Phillip II of Spain dies, 13 September, succeeded by Philip III Edict of Nantes grants equal rights to French Protestants and Catholics, 13 April Hideyoshi dies, Ieyasu Tokugawa restores shogunate in Japan Lord Burghley dies, 4 August Theatre: Art: Music: Published: Plays Published: Plays produced: |
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Gabrielle
d’Estrées, mistress to Henri IV, dies in
childbirth, 10 April Henri IV of France obtains divorce from Margaret of Valois Duke of Sully reforms French economic policies First "Chamber of Commerce" founded in Marseilles Plague outbreak in Spain Beatrice Cenci, her brother and their step-mother executed in Rome for murder of family patriarch King Nandabayin of Burma, told that Venice is a republic and has no king, suffers fatal fit of laughter Edmund Spenser dies in Westminster, 16
January Art: Chamberlain’s Men shareholders sign lease to build Globe Theatre, 14 February London theatres limited to two, and performances to two per week, 22 June The Globe Theatre opens, possibly with a performance of Henry V The Paul’s Boys reopen their theater Newington Butts demolished (?) Edward Alleyn acquires lease on plot in Golding Lane, for Fortune Theatre, 24 December Plays Produced: Plays Published: Edward Wright, Certaine Errors of Navigation, explains Mercator projection mathematically John Davies, Noscae Theapsum James VI of Scotland, Basilicon Doron Treatise of Human Learning The Passionate Pilgrim, O1 and O2, by Judson for Jaggard William Shakespeare, Venus and Adonis, O3, by Short for Leake William Shakespeare, Venus and Adonis, O4, by Bradock for Leake Mateo Alemán, Guzmán de Alfarache, picaresque novel "Wuyck's Bible," authorized Polish translation by Jacob Wuyck |
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Ieyasu
consolidates power in Japan, moves capitol from Kyoto to
Edo (Tokyo) Huaynaputina erupts in Peru, largest American volcanic eruption in recorded history, February 19 Henri IV marries Marie de Medici, October Dutch East India Company founded Dutch optician Hans Lippeshey invents telescope Amsterdam Bank founded Giordano Bruno burnt as a heretic in Rome, 17 February Vincent de Paul ordained a priest Approximate Population Figures (in
millions): Population of greater London:
approximately 200,000 Earl of Essex placed under house
arrest, 5 June, later tried and stripped of offices at
court Theatre: Music: Art: Plays produced: Books Published: Plays published |
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Dutch seize
Portugese holdings in India Archduke Albert of Austria besieges Ostend Dauphin, later Louis XIII, born to King and Queen of France, 27 September University of Parma founded Tycho Brahe dies, Johannes Kepler becomes astrologer to Emperor Rudolf II Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci admitted to Peking German brothels closed to prevent spread of venereal disease St. John Eudes born Luis de Molina, Jesuit defender of free will, dies Production of tapestries begun at Gobelin factory in Faubourg St. Marcel, Paris Queen Elizabeth delivers "Golden
Speech" to Parliament, surveys her achievements,
30 November John Shakespeare buried in Stratford, 8 September Theatre: Plays produced: Published: Plays Published: Art: Music: |
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Abdulfazl
Allami, Sufi historian, dies Emperor Rudolf II suppresses meetings of Moravian Brethren Paris Charité founded Biron’s conspiracy Ambrosian Library founded in Milan Dutch East India Company founded Chambers of assurance for traders established in Amsterdam Spanish in Ireland surrender, January
Theatre: Art: Plays produced: Plays published: Published: Music: |
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Tokugawa clan
obtains shogunate in Japan Samuel de Champlain begins six year expedition exploring the interior of Canada Henri IV recalls Jesuits to France Accademia dei Lincei founded in Rome Fabricio de Acquapendente discovers the valves in human veins Queen Elizabeth reported ill, 28
February Art: Theatre: Music: Plays produced: Published: Plays Published: |
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Boris Godunov defeats "False
Dimitri," consolidates rule in Moscow
Arjun, 5th guru of the Sikhs, compiles The Adi Granth, Sikh holy scripture Siege of Ostend ends Coronation of King James I Somerset House Conference results in Treaty of London, ends war with Spain English commercial treaty with France James I imposes duty of 6s 10p on every pound of imported tobacco to curb smoking Oxford and Cambridge University granted parliamentary representation; withdrawn in 1948 English East India Company sends voyages to Java, the Moluccas and Agra Richard Bancroft, Bishop of London, elected Archbishop of Canterbury Hampton Court Conference considers reform of English Church Company of Musicians formed in London James I grants John Stow a "Patent of Beggary" (i.e. license to beg) in lieu of pension, 8 March Theatre: Art: William Shakespeare, Othello performed at court, 1 November William Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor performed at court, 4 November William Shakespeare, Measure for Measure Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones, The Masque of Blackness at court Bussy D’Ambois, by George Chapman The Honest Whore, Part I, by Dekker and Middleton The Malcontent, John Marston, Blackfriars Boys The Dutch Courtesan All Fools Wise Woman of Hogsdon Monsieur D’Olive Law Tricks Westward Hoe Jonson’s The Entertainment at Highgate performed, 1 May at Sir Wm. Cornwallis’ home Plays published: Published: Music: |
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Pope Clement
VIII dies, 5 March Alessandro de’ Medici elected Pope Leo XI, April Pope Leo XI dies Camillo Borghese elected Pope Paul V Dutch Nieuwe Tijdinghen published, distributed in Antwerp and Venice, first "newspaper" Boris Godunov dies, his son Fyodor II is assassinated, "False Dimitri" crowned Czar Biblioteca Anglica founded in Rome by Angelo Rosca, first public library Santa Fé, New Mexico founded English claim Barbados Music: Theatre: Plays produced: Published: Plays Published: |
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Dutch discover
Australia, March Italians discover secret of chocolate, breaking Spain’s secretive monopoly "False Dimitri" assassinated by the boyar Vasili Shuisky who is then elected Czar Guy Fawkes executed, 31 January
Theatre: Art: Plays performed: Plays published: Published: |
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Bank of Genoa
fails after announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain Last unpredicted appearance of Halley's Comet widely and precisely obaserved all over Europe Plan of the Three Canals approved in Amsterdam Jamestown, Virginia, settlement
founded, 13 May Theatre: Plays produced: Published: Plays published: Music: |
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Second "False
Dimitri" defeats Czar Vasili Shuisky and advances on
Moscow Jesuit State of Paraguay established in South America Jesuit missionaries arrive in Canada Hans Lippershey builds first refracting telescope in Netherlands Galileo constructs astronomical telescope New bourse opens in Amsterdam O’Dogherty rebellion in Ireland
defeated Theatre: Art: Plays produced: Plays Published: Richard West, A Century of Epigrams Joseph Hall, Characters of Virtues and Vices Edward Grimestone, A General History of the Netherlands William Perkins, A Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchecraft Captain John Smith, A True Relation of such Occurences and Accidents of Note as hath passed in Virginia Edition of Herodotus' Histories published in Germany with first division into numbered paragraphs. |
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Grand Duke
Ferdinando I of Florence dies, succeeded by his son,
Cosimo II King James brokers twelve-year Truce of Antwerp between Spanish and Dutch Amsterdam Exchange Bank, Wisselbank, established Dutch East India Company imports first tea from China Spanish found Santa Fe, New Mexico Congregation of Female Jesuits founded, dissolved by Pope Urban VIII Emporer Rudolf II permits freedom of religion in Bohemia Galileo Galilei begins astronomical observations with a telescope Henry Hudson sails into New York harbor and up Hudson River, 13 September Hudson's First Mate calls the land to the starboard side "Manhattan" Samuel de Champlain explores Lake Champlain Dutch theologian Arminius dies Saint John Leonardi dies 26 November, Henrietta Maria, later Queen of England, born to Marie de Medici and Henri IV of France Plantation of Ulster established
Art: Theatre: Plays produced: Plays published: Music published: Published: |
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Marie de
Medici’s belated coronation at St. Denis, to insure her
dynastic claims in case anything happened to Henri IV on his upcoming campaign, 13 May King Henri IV of France assassinated by Ravaillac, 14 May, succeeded by Louis XIII, Marie is Regent First Dutch settlers land on Manhattan Island, 10 June Dutch East India Company introduces the term "share" to describe a portion of ownership in a venture Elector Palatine Frederick IV dies, succeeded by his son Frederick V Skirmishes between English and Dutch settlers in India Academy of Poetry founded in Padua Galileo Galilei takes up post as philosopher for Cosimo II in Florence Galileo Galilei, using a telescope, discovers the four moons of Jupiter Czar Vasili Shuisky deposed, throne offered to Bladislav, son of Sigismund III of Poland Shen Ching dies Sir Thomas Gates made governor of
Virginia Art: Plays produced: Plays published: Published: |
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Sanctorius
makes scaled "thermoscope," first practical thermometer
Dutch merchants permitted to trade in Japan University of Rome founded Li Yü born James I creates rank of Baronet, 22
May, sells it to raise cash Art: Plays produced: Plays published: George Chapman completes and publishes his translation of The Iliad King James Bible "Judas Bible," Matthew 26:36 reads "Judas" instead of "Jesus" John Donne, Anatomy of the World Sebastiano Serlio’s Architettura, first English edition, translated from Dutch Thomas Coryate, Coryat's Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months Travels in France, Italy, &c Thomas Coryate, Coryats Crambe, or his Coleworte twice Sodden John Speed, Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain under the Conquests of the Romans, etc. John Napier, second edition of Logarithms |
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Rudolf
II
dies, Matthias, King of Bohemia, succeeds as Emporer
Dutch begin to use Manhattan as fur trading center Simon Marius discovers Andromeda nebula Bartholomew Pitiscus uses decimal point in his trigonometrical tables Robert Cecil, Earl of
Salisbury, dies, 31 May Theatre: Plays produced:
Plays published:
Published:
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German
Protestants sign treaty of alliance with Holland
Michael Romanov founds Romanov dynasty of Russian Czars Samuel de Champlain explores Ottawa River to Alumette Island Turks invade Hungary Amsterdam Exchange built James I issues his first proclamation
against dueling and concealed weapons, January
Theatre: Plays produced: Plays published: Thomas Drayton, Polyolbion William Browne, Britannia’s Pastorals Cawdry, Table Alphabeticall Miguel de Cervantes, Novelas ejemplares Oliver de Serra, The Causes of Wealth Francisco Suarez, Defensio catholicae fidei contra anglicanae sectae errores Pietro Cerone, El Malopeo y maestro, history and theory of music John Dennys, The Secrets of Angling Art: Music: |
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Adraen Block
explores Long Island Sound Danish East India Company founded Unversity of Gronigen, Holland, founded Cornelius Jacobsen Mey explores the Lower Delaware Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de Brantôme, dies Bankruptcy of Augsburg banking house of Welser Willam Bathe, Irish Jesuit educational innovator, dies, 17 June, b. 1564 Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset, named
Lord Chamberlain Theatre: Art: Plays Produced: Published: Music: |
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Giovanni Bembo
elected Doge of Venice French States Generals dismissed, reforms promised Marguérite de Valois dies Louis XIII marries Anne of Austria / Philip of Asturias marries Elizabeth of Bourbon Dutch seize the Moluccas from the Portuguese English fleet defeats Portuguese off coast of Bombay Anne Turner executed for murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, 15 November George Villiers emerges as royal favorite Lady Arabella Stuart dies in the Tower Jesuits count 13,112 members in 32 provinces Giambattista della Porta, Italian scientist, dies Galileo Galilei summoned before the Inquisition Franfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung founded by Egenolph Emmel Merchant Adventurers granted monopoly for export of English cloth John Donne ordained, 23 January Plays Produced: Plays Published: Published: Art: |
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Italians make
first, unsuccessful, attempt to grow pineapples in
hothouses Richelieu becomes Minister of State for Foreigh Affairs and War in France Willem Schouter and Jacob Lemaire make first rounding of Cape Horn Catholic Church forbids Galileo to continue scientific work Dutch astronomer Willebrord Snellius discovers law of refraction Earl of Worcester, a Catholic, made Lord Privy Seal Sir Thomas Lake made secretary of state James I, frustrated by continued dueling, bars carrying pistols or daggers Sir Edward Coke, Lord Chief Justice, removed as judge Sir Walter Raleigh released from Tower to lead expedition to Guiana James I begins to sell peerages as well as baronetcies Earl and Countess of Somerset convicted and imprisoned for murder of Thomas Overbury William Baffin and Robert Bylot discover Baffin Bay, explore to Smith Sound Baffin names Hakluyt Island Judith Shakespeare marries Thomas Quiney, 10 February Richard Hakluyt dies, 23 November;
buried in Westminster Abbey, 26 November Christopher Beeston begins construction of Cockpit Theatre in Drury Lane, August Philip Henslowe dies, 6 January Ben Jonson granted pension of one hundred marks a year for life, 1 February Shakespeare draws up draft of his will, 25 January Francis Beaumont dies, 6 March Shakespeare signs his will, 25 March Cervantes dies in Madrid, 23 April (n.s.) Shakespeare dies in Stratford, 23 April (o.s.) Shakespeare buried, 25 April T’ang Hsien-tsu dies Plays Produced: Plays Published: Published: Art: |
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James I makes
George Villiers Earl of Buckingham, Jan. Francis Bacon made Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal James proclaims that nobility and gentry should leave London and repair to their estates James makes his only return visit to Scotland as King of England Irish Articles promulgated for Irish Church Sir Walter Raleigh reaches mouth of Orinoco River First African slaves arrive at Jamestown, 16 August First known "Centenary" celebration, of Luther's 1517 Theses, Saxony Elias Ashmole born, 23 May Mathematician John Napier, inventor of the logarithm, dies Willebrord Snellius uses trigonometrical triangulation for cartography Pocahontas dies Francisco Suarez dies Shakespeare Quiney, Shakespeare’s grandson, buried, 8 May Theatre: Art: Plays produced: Plays Published: John Calvin’s collected works, in Geneva Les Maximes de la Gentillesse et de l'Honnestete en la Conversation entre les Hommes, Leonard Perin William Shakespeare, Venus and Adonis, O9, by Stansby for Barrett Music: |
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Giovanni Bembo,
Doge of Venice, dies Francis Bacon created Lord Chancellor Sir Robert Naunton made chief secretary of state Prince William of Orange dies, succeeded by his brother Maurice of Nassau Sir Walter Raleigh beheaded in the Tower, 29 October Synod of Dort, British representatives affirm Calvinism and condemn Arminianism The West India Company incorporated for trade in Guinea and Benin Dutch West African Company founded Inigo Jones lays out Lincoln's Inn Fields Richard Quiney, Shakespeare’s grandson, christened, 9 February The Thirty Years War begins: Art: Theatre: Plays Produced: Plays Published: Published: Music: |
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Maria de’
Medici challenges power of her son Louis XIII of France
Louis recalls Richelieu from Avignon, defeats his mother’s forces at Angers Treaty of Angoulême ends conflict Emporer Matthias dies, Archduke Ferdinand elected to succeed him Count von Thurm leads army of Bohemian patriots toward Vienna Bohemian Diet deposes Ferdinand, elects Frederick V, Elector Palatine, their king Dritlippolyt Guarinoni dreams of death, in 1462, of Anderl vonn Rinn, leads to anti-Semitic Blood Libel Cult House of Burgesses, first representative colonial assembly in America, convenes at Jamestown, 30 July Dutch slave traders deliver first black indentured servants at Jamestown, establishing slavery, August Queen Anne dies, 2 March; theaters probably closed until her funeral 13 May Cyrano de Bergerac born, 6 March Prince Rupert, son of Elector Palatine and Princess Elizabeth, born, 18 December Philips Koninck, Dutch painter, born, 5 November Richard Field, originally of Stratford, elected Master of The Stationers Company Theatre: Plays produced: Plays published: Published: Art: Music: |
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Massacre of
Protestants in the Valtelline Agreement of Ulm between German Catholic League and Protestant Union English volunteers serve with Elector Palatine’s army in Bohemia Lower Austria submits to Emperor Ferdinand Marie de Medici reconciled with Louis XIII and readmitted to French court Turks defeat Polish army at Jassy Battle of White Mountain near Prague. Bohemian revolt crushed Mikls Zrinyi, Hungarian poet and hero, born Willem Janszoom Blaeu develops the "Dutch Press," with counterweighted platen, Amsterdam First merry-go-round introduced, Turkey, 17 May Mayflower leaves Britain, 16 September Mayflower reaches Cape Cod, 19 November Mayflower Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock in Massachusets, 26 December, John Carver governor John Evelyn born in Wotton, Surrey, 31 October Thomas Campion dies Thomas Harriot dies, probably of skin cancer, July 2 Cornelis Drebbel invents first submarine. James I takes a test dive Dutch "corantos" published in English and French translations, pioneer "newspapers," December First English language newspaper published, 2 December ? Theatre: Art: Plays produced: Plays Published: Published: Music: |
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Pope Paul V
dies, Alexander Ludovisi becomes Pope Gregory XV
Saint Robert Bellarmine dies in Rome, 17 September Grand Duke Cosimo II or Florence dies, his son, Ferdinando II succeeds under regency Frederick V, Elector Palatine, placed under the ban of the Holy Roman Empire War shifts from Bohemia to Palatinate War resumes between Holland and Spain Heidelberg University Library sacked by Count Tilly’s troops Cardinal Roberto Bellarmine, Jesuit Counter-Reformation leader, dies Philip III of Spain dies, succeeded by Philip IV University of Strasbourg opens Jean de la Fontaine born Château-Thierry, 8 July James I's third Parliament assembles, 3 February Parliament revives impeachment to prosecute monopolists and Francis Bacon Francis Bacon fined £40,000 for corruption and barred from office, pardoned by James I John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, made Lord Keeper Lionel Cranfield made Lord Treasurer Archbishop Abbot kills Lord Zouch's gamekeeper in a hunting accident, clouding the rest of his career John Donne elected Dean of St. Paul's, 22 November Andrew Marvell born, 31 March Sir Francis Wyatt arrives as new governor of Virginia English attempt to colonize Newfoundland and Nova Scotia John Carver, governor of Plymouth Colony, dies The Dutch West India Company receives charter for trade monopoly in the West Indies by Dutch Republic Theatre: Plays produced: Plays published: Published: Art: |
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Richlieu
recalled to Council, created Cardinal Treaty of Montpellier ends rebellion of the Huguenots Mannheim surrenders to Imperial army English capture Ormuz from Portuguese Count Olivares becomes chief minister of Spain Bruges-Dunkirk Canal completed St. Francis de Sales dies Benedictine University of Salzburg founded Papal Chancellery adopts January 1 as beginning of the year, replacing March 25 James I dissolves English Parliament, January William Baffin dies Henry Vaughan born, 17 April English college of Arms re-organized, permanent officers named Earl and Countess of Somerset freed after pardon for poisoning of Thomas Overbury William Bradford becomes governor of Plymouth Colony Theatre: Art: Plays Produced: Plays Published: Published: |
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Pope Gregory XV
dies, Maffeo Barberini becomes Pope Urban VIII Francesco Contarini elected Doge of Venice Emperor Ferdinand II grants Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria, the Upper Palatinate Papal troops occupy the Valtelline Count Tilly defeats Christian of Brunswick at Stadtholn, advances to Westphalia Bibliotheca Palatina removed from Heidelberg to Rome Commercial Treaty between Holland and Persia Blaise Pascal born in Clermont-Ferrand, France, 19 June Marc’ Antonio Cesti, Italian composer, born First English settlement in eastern India James I elevates Earl of Buckingham to Duke Sir Edward Conway made chief secretary of state Dutch massacre English colonists at Amboyna, Molucca Islands Anne Hathaway Shakespeare dies, 6 August Patents law in England established to protect inventors William Camden, scholar and antiquarian, dies, 9 November William Byrd, composer, dies Prince Charles and Buckingham secretly travel to Madrid to win hand of Spanish Infanta, 17 February Prince Charles and Buckingham arrive at British embassy as Tom and Jack Smith, 2 March Charles and Buckingham leave Madrid, September, travel through Spain, arrive Portsmouth, 5 October Piet Hein, Dutch adventurer, captures Bahia for Spain New Netherlands in America formally organized as a province First English settlement in New Hampshire by David Thomas at Little Harbor, near Rye Plays produced: Published: Art: |
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Richlieu
consolidates effective political control of France, made
first minister Francesco Contarini, Doge of Venice, dies Jakob Böhme dies, 17 November Johannes Baptista van Helmont coins the name "gas" for compressible fluid Antonio de Andrade leaves Jesuit mission at Agra to explore Himalayas and Tibet Stephen Gossen dies, 13 February James I opens his fourth, and last, Parliament, 10 February James declares war on Spain, expedition to recapture Palatinate fails James concludes treaty with the Dutch, June Treaty with France calls for Prince Charles to marry Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henri IV James prohibits importation of Spanish tobacco; smuggling increases Lionel Cranfield, Lord Treasurer, impeached and suspended from office New law of usury amends 1571 act to reduce interest from "medieval" rate of 10% Virginia becomes crown colony, Virginia Company dissolved Dutch establish colony of "New Netherland" at south tip of Manhattan, May Broadgates Hall renamed Pembroke College, Oxford, after Chancellor, 3rd Earl of Pembroke George Fox born Theatre: Plays Produced: Captain Thomas Gainsford begins editing "corantos" for Butter and Bourne, 1st "newspaper editor" 1st "news syndicate" coranto with the pseudonym Mercurius Britannicus as printer John Donne, Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions, including "No man is an island..." Martin Opitz, Das Buch von der deutschen Poeterey Thomas Heywood, Gunaikeion, or Nine Books of Various History Concerning Women Henry Briggs, Arithmetica logarithmica Captain John Smith, A General Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles Edward Lord Herbert of Cherbury, De veritate Sir Henry Wotton, The Elements of Architecture Art: |
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Sufi reformer
Ahmad Sirhini dies in India James I dies, 27 March. Charles I succeeds Lord Keeper directed “to forebear all manner of proceeding against His Majesties Catholic subjects” to appease French in marriage treaty, 1 May Charles marries Henrietta Maria of France, by proxy (Buckingham), in Paris Henrietta Maria departs Paris for England, 23 May Sir Thomas Coventry made lord keeper Charles I seeks to cancel all land grants and regrant them on more favorable terms Colonial Office established in London First English settlement on Barbados under Sir William Courteen First fire engines in England Hackney coaches first used in London Order of Sisters of Mercy founded in Paris by Vincent de Paul Wallenstein appointed General of Imperial forces and created Duke of Friedland Charles I’s first Parliament convenes, 18 June, but adjourns to Oxford to escape plague, 11 July Spanish troops under Ambrogio Spinola capture Breda from the Dutch Tilly invades Lower Saxony French occupy the Antilles and Cayenne Orlando Gibbons, composer, dies "Western Rising" against enclosures First illustrated textbook published in Hungary Johannes Piscator, Protestant theologian & Bible translator, dies, Herborn, 27 July (b. 1546) Theatre: Plays produced: Published: Plays published: Nicolas Poussin, Parnassus Bernini, Apollo and Daphne Carlo Maratti, Italian painter, born, 15 May Domenico Guidi, Italian sculptor, born, 6 June Paullus Potter, Dutch painter, born, 20 November Music: |
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Saint Peter’s
Basilica consecrated in Rome, 18 November Peace of La Rochelle between Huguenots and French crown Treaty of Monzon between France and Spain Wallenstein defeats Mansfeld at Dessau General Count Ernst von Mansfield dies Richelieu suppresses Chalais conspiracy, concentrates power in his own hands, first "coup d’état" French edict prescribes the death penalty for anyone who kills an opponent in a duel French begin colonization on the Senegal River Peter Minuit of Dutch West India Co. purchases Manhattan from Canarsie tribesmen, 6 May Dutch settlers arrive in ship with St. Nicholas figurehead - Santa Claus comes to America Charles I's coronation held, 2 February
Theatre: Plays produced: Published: Art: |
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Huguenots
revolt against French crown Charles I dissolves his second Parliament, 12 June Buckingham leads failed expedition to Île de Rhé, near La Rochelle, in aid of Huguenots, July Richelieu signs treaty with Spain Richelieu incorporates "Company of New France" Swedish South Sea Company founded Wallenstein conquers Silesia Tilly defeats Protestant foces in Brunswick Imperial army occupies Mecklenburg and Jutland, Christian IV withdraws to Denmark Charles I grants charter to the Guiana Company Luis de Góngora y Argote, Spanish poet, dies Collegium de Propaganda Fide founded Robert Boyle born, 25 January Johannes Kepler compiles the Rudolphine Tables, giving places of 1,005 fixed stars Johannes Kepler predicts transits of Venus in 1631 and 1761, and a near miss in 1639 Theatre: Plays performed: Published: Art: Music: |
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Third
Parliament of Charles I meets, 17 March Oliver Cromwell represents Huntingdon in Parliament Richard Weston made Lord Treasurer Sir Dudley Carleton becomes chief secretary of state Wallenstein obtains duchy of Mecklenburg, becomes Admiral of the Baltic, beseiges Stralsund Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, enters war to defend Stralsund Wallenstein defeated at Stralsund, seige lifted Vassa, state of the art ship, sinks in Stockholm harbor La Rochelle capitulates to French crown Fulke Grevelle, Lord Brooke, dies William Harvey publishes book describing the circulation of the blood Duke of Buckingham assassinated by John Felton at Portsmith, 23 August Parliament passes "Petition of Right" John Bunyan born in Elstow, near Bedford, 28 November Parliament removes all record of debate from minutes to encourage free discussion Dutch occupy Java and the Moluccas Taj Mahal built in Agra Earl of Mar builds Braemar Castle, Aberdeen Theatre: Plays produced: Published: Art: Music: |
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Shah 'Abbas the Great of Persia
dies Second Takagawa Shogun banishes Takuan Soho to a far northern province Peace of Lübeck, Christian IV undertakes not to intervene in imperial affairs Wallenstein made Duke of Mecklenberg Peace of Alais ends Huguenot revolt in France Commercial treaty signed between Russia and France King Charles’ third parliament ends
with violent rioting, March 2 Theatre: Plays Produced: Published: Art: Music: |
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Nicolò
Contarini elected Doge of Venice Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invades Germany Ferdinand II dismisses Wallenstein, Tilly named commander of imperial army Treaty of Madrid ends Ango-Spanish war Richelieu defeats conspiracy of Maria de’ Medici in "Day of Dupes" William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, dies, 10 April Philip Herbert, Earl of Montgomery, succeeds his brother as 4th Earl of Pembroke Charles II born, 29 May Johann Kepler dies, 15 November Louis XIV marries Spanish princess Maria Thérese, who brings chocolate to France John Winthrop arrives in Massachusetts as governor and founds Boston Massachusetts Bay Company founded Sir John Suckling invents cribbage Popcorn invented by Quadquina, Massachusetts Bay Company Plays: Published: Art: Music: |
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Shii
philosopher Mir Dimad dies in Isfahan 'Alawi dynasty founded in Morocco, rules there to the present day Serious Plague outbreak in Europe Nicolò Contarini, Doge of Venice, dies German protestant princes convene at Neu Brandenberg and decide to ally with Sweden Tilly destroys Swedish garrison at New Brandenberg, sacks Magdeburg, invades Saxony Gustavus Adolphus sacks Frankfort-on-Oder and occupies Würzburg and Mainz Tilly defeated at Battle of Breitenfeld Alliance of Gustavus Adolphus and John George, Elector of Saxony Wallenstein re-appointed Commander-in-Chief of Imperial forces Maria de’ Medici, exiled to Brussels, allies with Gaston, Duke of Orleans, against Richelieu Thomas Hobson dies, 1 January John Donne dies in London, 31 March Captain John Smith dies, 21 June King Charles establishes Royal African Companies to trade gold and ivory Dutch West India Company founds settlement at the Delaware River English mathematician William Oughtred proposes the symbol "x" for multiplication Philip Dulichius, German composer, dies Valencian Guillén de Castro dies T. Renaudot founds Gazette in Paris Earthquake in Naples, Vesuvius erupts, killing 4,000 Remains of thousands of Capuchin friars exhumed and transferred from the friary Via dei Lucchesi to the crypt of Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini in Rome to create ossuary chapels London Clockmakers’ Company incorporated Theatre: Art: Plays: Plays Published: Thomas Harriot, Artes Analyticae Praxis, posthumous writings established "English algebra" Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld, Cautio criminalis, against witch-hunting Thomas Powell, Tom of All Trades |
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Takuan Soho
returns from banishments and becomes advisor to third
Shogun Gustavus Adolphus takes Nuremberg and defeats Tilly at Lech, Tilly mortally wounded Gustavus defeats Wallenstein at Battle of Lützen, but is killed in action Queen Christina succeeds in Sweden, Regency headed by Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna Van Dyke settles in England as Court painter First English factory in Africa established at Winneba Portuguese driven out of Bengal English settlers in Antigua and Montserrat Russians establish fur trading center in Yakutsk Charles I issues charter for Maryland, under governorship of Lord Baltimore Sir Francis Windebank made chief Secretary of State in England Star Chamber prohibits publication of Butter and Bourne's "newsbooks" in reaction to Euro war news, Oct. Samuel Pepys born, 23 February John Locke born, 29 August Frances Howard Carr, Countess of Somerset, dies Christopher Wren born, 20 October Benedict Spinoza born in Amsterdam, 24 November Jean Baptiste Lully born Anton van Leeuwenhoek born in Delft Giovanni Battista Basile, Italian poet, dies Leiden University Observatory founded Monteverdi takes holy orders Theatre: Plays produced: Plays Published: Published: Art: |
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Wallenstein
invades Silesia, defeats Swedish army at Steinau
French army occupies Lorraine Galileo Galilei tried by the Inquisition, forced to recant and to abjure the theories of Copernicus, 22 June Jacopo Peri, Italian composer, dies James Gregory expounds principle of the reflecting telescope "Ghetto Nuovissimo" developed in Venice's Jewish Ghetto, newer quality housing quarter Charles I crowned King of Scotland in Edinburgh James II born, 14 October Fire destroys London Bridge Archbishop George Abbot dies William Laud succeeds Abbot as Archbishop of Canterbury Trial of the Lancashire witches The Royal Scots Regiment established Wind sawmill erected near the Strand, London First Baptist church formed at Southwark, London Edward Winslow made governor of Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts John Eliot publishes first Bible in North America, in the Wampanoag dialect Dutch establish settlement in Connecticut English trading post established in Bengal George Herbert dies Samuel Pepys born, 23 February Art: Theatre: Plays Produced: Published: Art: |
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Ferdinand II
removes Wallenstein, denouncing him as a traitor
Matthias Gallas made Imperial Commander-in-Chief Wallenstein assassinated Swedish army defeated at Battle of Nördlingen Imperial forces reconquer Würtemberg and Fanconia Island of Curaçao captured by Dutch University of Utrecht founded Covent Garden Market opens in London English settlement at Cochin, Malabar Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, explores Wisconsin Ship Money levied on coastal regions First tavern in America opens, Boston, 4 March Ann Hutchinson arrives in Boston, 18 september Jean Nicolet reaches Lake Michigan Maryland founded as Catholic Colony with religious tolerence Theatre: Plays Performed: Plays Published: Published: Art: Music: |
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French and
Swedish sign treaty of alliance against Emperor Peace of Prague between Emperor and Elector John George of Saxony Dutch occupy Formosa and Virgin Islands French colonize Martinique Samuel de Champlain dies in Quebec, 25 December Richelieu establishes Académie Française Budapest University established Heinrich Gutberleth, innovative educator, d. 24 March, in Deventer (b. 1572) Levy of "Ship Money" extended to inland counties First inland postal service established between London and Edinburgh John Winthrop begins settlement of Connecticut at Fort Saybrook Council of New England dissolved English High and Latin School founded in Boston Ben Jonson’s only remaining son dies, November John Hall, Shakespeare’s son-in-law, dies, 25 November Theatre: Plays: Music: Published: Jacques Callot dies Philippe de Champaigne, Portrait of Richelieu Nicolas Poussin, Kingdom of Flora Jacques Callot, French engraver and illustrator, dies, 24 March |
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Battle of
Wittstock, Swedish army defeats Saxons Austrian troops withdraw from Burgundy Dutch settle in Ceylon France lowers silver mint ratios in coinage Nicolas Boileau born, 1 November Bishop John Juxon made Lord Treasurer of England King Charles I promulgates new Canons for Scottish Church King Charles I visits Oxford University Harvard College established at Newe Towne, Cambridge; Nathaniel Eaton, president, 28 October Grammar school, compulsory education established in Boston Roger Williams expelled from Massachusetts, establishes Providence, Rhode Island, June Theatre: Plays Produced: Published: Art: Music: |
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Emperor
Ferdinand II dies, succeeded by his son Ferdinand III
Dutch under Frederick Henry of Orange recapture Breda French traders settle at St. Louis, at mouth of Senegal River in West Africa Plague attacks Florence Dutch tulip trade collapses leaving many speculators bankrupt Christianity prohibited in Japan Dutch expel Portuguese from Gold Coast Ben Jonson dies, 6 August, buried in Westminster Cathedral, 9 August New Scottish Prayer Book promulgated by proclamation, Scottish resistance spreads William Prynne, Henry Burton and John Bastwick sentenced to mutilation for criticizing Bishops English emigration to America restricted by royal proclamation Sugar production introduced to Barbados English traders established in Canton Theatre: Plays: Published: Art: |
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Bernhard of
Saxe-Weimar takes Freiburg, defeats Duke of Lorraine at
Sennheim Elector of Brandenburg moves his capital to Königsberg France and Sweden renew their alliance Louis XIV born Marie de’ Medici visits London, 31 October Holland lowers mint ratio of coinage Johann Heinrich Alsted, Encyclopedist, dies in Weissenburg, Transylvania, 9 November (b. 1588) Christoph (Keller) Cellarius, born, Schmalkalden, 22 November William Davenant named Poet Laureate Scottish Covenant formed to withstand religious innovations King’s right to levy Ship Money upheld by judges in Rex v. Hampden Torture abolished in England New Haven, CT, founded First English fort in Africa built by Royal African Companies in Coramantin Cornelius Jansen dies Stephen Daye imports first printing press to N. America, sets up shop in Cambridge, Massachusetts First permanent library established in America at Harvard College Plays Produced: Plays Published: Theatre: Published: Music: Art: |
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Swedish army
before Prague Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar dies King Charles attempts invasion of Scotland to enforce religious reforms, First "Bishops’ War" Covenanters take Edinburgh, Dumbarton and Stirling Charles forced to accept and sign Pacification of Berwick to end war: Episcopacy abolished in Scotland Thomas Carew dies Academie Française compiles dictionary of the French language English settle at Madras in India First printing press in North America established at Cambridge, MA William Gascoigne invents micrometer Sir Ferdinando of Gorges receives charter for colony of Maine Jeremiah Horrocks observes transit of Venus from his home at Carr House in Much Hoole, near Preston, 4 December 1639 (24 November O.S.) Bacciccio, Italian painter, born, 8 May Thomas Quiney, Shakespeare’s grandson, dies, buried 26 February Theatre: Plays Performed: Music: Art: |
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Iranian
philosopher and mystic Mulla Sadra dies Thomas Wentworth made Earl of Strafford and appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, January French complete occupation of Alsace Swedes withdraw from Bohemia Elector George William of Brandenberg dies, succeeded by "Great Elector," Frederick William "Short Parliament" refuses to approve funds for Scottish campaign, April – May Charles invades Scotland and is defeated at Newburn-on-Tyne, Scots occupy NE England Treaty of Ripon, Crown to pay Scots £860 each day until settlement is reached King Charles I calls "Long Parliament," November Parliament condemns Arminian canons Laud and Strafford are impeached English settlers found Fort St. George in Bengal Abo University founded in Finland Coke made from coal for the first time John IV succeeds to Portugese throne, ending Spanish rule Sultan Murad IV of Turkey, dies Cotton goods begin to be manufactured in Manchester Robert Burton dies, 25 January Theatre: D'Avenant and Inigo Jones, Salmacida Spolia, last masque at English court Joost van den Vondel, Joseph in Egypt Pierre Corneille, Polyceucte Published: Ben Jonson, Works, second folio, published, 2 vols., by Bishop, Walkely & Meighen William Shakespeare, Poems, published by Thomas Cotes and John Benson Thomas Carew, Poems James Howell, Dodona’s Grove, or The Vocall Forrest, manual of dendrology John Parkinson, Theatrum botanicum Thomas Nabbes, The Unfortunate Mother, play rejected by theatres Giovanni Giacomo Lando, Aritmetica Mercantile, Venice Art: Music: |
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Comte de
Soissons’ conspiracy against Louis XIII fails Imperial army defeated at Wolfenbüttel English Ministers and Judges impeached Triennial Act passed "Root and Branch" petition Treaty of Edinburgh, Scottish troops withdrawn from NE England Archbiship Laud arrested Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, beheaded Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, removed as Lord Chamberlain Irish revolt in Ulster, October, Protestants massacred and others flee, November Grand Remonstrance passed by Parliament, November Diurnal Occurrences, a weekly periodical, first of the "newsbooks" issued in London, November Protests on the streets of London, December French settle in Michigan Théophraste Renaudot publishes plan for free medical treatment of needy in Paris Henry Dunster becomes president of Harvard College Dutch capture Malacca from Portugese, establish control of Malay archipelago Theatre: Plays: The Heads of Severall Proceedings In This Present Parliament, First English weekly of home news, Nov René Descartes, Méditations métaphysiques William Habington, Observations upon Historie "More Sea" Bible, Revelations 21:1 reads "...and there was more sea" Music: Art: |
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Pope
Urban
VIII, Universa Per Orbem, reduces annual feast
days to 32 Imperial armies defeated at Kempton, Schweitnitz, and Breitenfeld Cardinal Richelieu dies, 4 December, succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin as first minister Blaise Pascal builds first adding machine Galileo Galilei dies, 8 January Loire-Seine Canal finished Montreal, Canada, founded by French Portuguese cede the Gold Coast to the Dutch Abel Tasman discovers Tasmania and New Zealand University of Ancona founded Floods in China kill an estimated 300,000 people Marie de Medici, mother of Queen Henrietta of England, widow of Henri IV, dies, July Charles I marches to Westminster to
arrest five members of the House of Commons, January
Benjamin Thompson, first native
Euro-American poet, born, 14 July Theatre: Plays: Published: Art: Music: |
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Parliament
establishes Westminster Assembly to discuss a religious
settlement, June Louis XIII of France dies of intestinal tuberculosis; Louis XIV, age 5, becomes King of France William Cartwright dies, 29 November "Solemn League and Covenant" between Parliamentarians and Scottish Covenanters "Market Cross," centuries old landmark in Cheapside, destroyed John Pym dies, December Ann Hutchinson killed by Native Americans, Long Island, 31 August Music: Art: Published: |
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Théophraste
Renaudot
forbidden by faculty of medicine to practice in Paris
Manchus capture Peking - Ming Dynasty supplanted by Ch’ing dynasty in China Charles I calls Royalist Parliament at
Oxford, January Connecticut legislatue requires all
cattle and swine to be identified by ear-marks or
branding. First such law. Theatre: Published: |
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Guru Har Govind
dies, succeeded as head of Sikhs by his grandson Guru
Har Rai Mali Empire, after long decline, finally destroyed by Bamana invasion William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury,
beheaded, 10 January Art: |
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Archduke
Leopold Wilhelm becomes governor of the Spanish
Netherlands Gottfried Leibnitz born, 23 June Won San-Kwei peasant revolt in China English Presbyterian church formally
established, March Barbados begins export of sugar Art: Published: |
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Scots surrender
Charles I to English Parliament, January Cornet Joyce seizes king on behalf of New Model Army, June Army presents Heads of Proposals to King Charles, August Levellers debate fundamentals of constitution at Putney Church, October King Charles flees to Isle of Wight, signs Engagement with Scots, November First American compulsory education act, Massachusetts, 11 November Achsah Young hung as a witch by Massachusetts Bay Colony Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque born Peter Stuyvesant arrives in New Amsterdam as new director general of New Netherlands Published: Beaumont and Fletcher, Comedies and Tragedies Mercurius Pragmaticus, Pro-Royalist newspaper edited by Nedham, Cleveland, and Sheppard |
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Treaty of
Westphalia ends Thirty Years War, October Bohdan Chmielnicki leads Cossack Rising in Poland Kung Shang-jen born Yellow Fever, possibly imported from Africa, breaks out in Cuba Jewish diaspora anticipates arrival of Messiah St. Joseh Calasanz dies Charles I signs engagement with
dissident Scottish nobles, launches 2nd Civil War,
April Theatre: Published: |
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Charles I put
on trial for treason by Parliament, 19 January Charles I beheaded, 30 January Proclamation of a successor declared treasonable Charles II declared King of Scotland, February Elihu Yale born, 5 April Richard Brandon, Charles’ executioner, dies, 20 June Oliver Cromwell leads army against Irish Confederates, brutally suppresses revolt John Milton appointed Secretary of Foreign Tongues to Parliament Diggers occupy St. George Hill in Surrey, 1 April Leveller mutiny in the Army, May Parliament passes stringent law limiting press, September Robert Crashaw dies, 21 August Susanna Shakespeare Hall dies, 11 July Theatre: Published: |
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King William II
of Holland dies, 27 October
Père Brébeuf and other
Jesuits, later "Patron Saints," executed in Canada, 19
October Theatre: Art: Published: |
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Charles II
crowned King of Scotland at Scone, January Scots invade England, defeated at Battle of Worcester, September Charles II flees to France Parliament imposes 270% duty on foreign sugar to protect West Indies producers <>Published: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan John Playford, The English Dancing Master: or., Plaine and Easie Rules for the Dancing of Country Dances, with the Tune to each Dance George Herbert, Jacula Prudentium |
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England and
United Dutch Provinces go to war over trade disputes,
May Irish Settlement Act begins land confiscations in Ireland, August Art: Theatre: Published: |
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Peaant war
erupts in Switzerland Prince George, later Queen Anne’s consort, born, 22 April John Oldham born, 9 August Cromwell dissolves Rump Parliament, April Nominated Assembly, "Barebones Parliament," meets, July Dutch defeated at Battle of Texel, July Oliver Cromwell installed as Lord Protector under The Instrument of Government, December First municipal police force in America established, New Amsterdam, 12 August Dutch settlers build De Waal to protect New Amsterdam from British attack. Later called "Wall Street" John Taylor, "The Water Poet," dies Theatre: Published: Art: |
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Charles X
becomes King of Sweden Accidental explosion of secret powder magazine destroys a quarter of Delft, thousands die, 12 October Union of Scotland and England, April
Art: Published: |
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Oliver Cromwell
dismisses parliament, January Penruddock’s Rising fails to overthrow Cromwell English naval forces fail to take Hispaniola, but capture Jamaica instead, May Civil war between Maryland's Catholics and Puritans ends, 25 March Suppression of unofficial newsbooks in London, October Major-Generals introduced to rule provinces and military, October Jews effectively readmitted to Britain, December Martinique begins sugar planting, Haiti resumes sugar planting Published: William Shakespeare, The Rape of Lucrece, published by John Harrison, last edition in 17th century Music: |
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John IV of
Portugal dies, 6 November, succeeded by Alfonso VI
Christian Huygens builds first pendulum driven clock Benedict Spinoza excommunicated by Jewish authorities in Amsterdam, 27 July Grand Hôpital de Paris founded to hold poor, mad and delinquent Plague outbreak in Genoa Swedish Riksbank founded in Stockholm Oliver Cromwell declares war on Spain,
makes peace with France Massachussetts Colony enacts ordinance
forbidding harboring a Quaker, 14 October Theatre: Plays: Edward Archer, "An Exact and perfect CATALOGUE of all the PLAIES that were ever printed; . . ." listing 622 titles. James Harrington, The Commonwealth of Oceana Sir William Dugdale, Antiquities of Warwickshire, describes Stratford's church and Shakespeare monument Blaise Pascal, under the pseudonym Louis de Montalte, publishes the first of his Lettres provinciales Blount's Glossographia |
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Cromwell
declines Parliament's offer of the crown, May Second, more ceremonial, inauguration of Cromwell, June Admiral Robert Blake dies, 7 August John Dennis born Bernard Fontenelle, last of "Les Précieux," born in Rouen, 11 February French entrepreneur opens London’s first chocolate shop, serving it as a flavored drink. Thatch roofs prohibited in New Amsterdam as fire hazard Art: |
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Second
Protectorate Parliament reconvenes, January Oliver Cromwell dies, 3 September James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh, in Annals of the Old and New Testament, establishes that the world was created at 9:00 a.m. on October 23, 4004 BC (GMT, o.s. presumably) Art: Plays Produced: Published: |
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Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb tries and executes his brother, and rival,
Dara Shikoh for heresy Richard Cromwell calls a parliament, January - April Richard Cromwell resigns, May Collapse of the Republic, restoration of the Rump Parliament, May John Cleveland dies, 29 April Army expells purged parliament, Monck condemns action and marches south, October General Council of Army recalls the purged parliament, December First British "cheque" signed by Nicholas van Acker to a Mr. Delboe, drawn on Messrs Morris and Clayton, scriveners and bankers of the City of London, 16 February Art: Music: Plays produced: Published: |
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Samuel Pepys
makes first entry in his Diary, 1 January
General George Monck arrives in London, readmits the secluded members of Long Parliament, February Long Parliament dissolves itself, March Declaration of Breda establishes terms for the Restoration, April General Lambert's uprising at Edgehill fails, April Charles II restored to throne, enters London, 14 May Charles II's dog is stolen, July Charles II supresses Milton's Latin pamphlets Defense of the English People, 13 August John Milton's books burned in London, 27 August Andrew Marvell, MP from Hull, petitions House of Commons for release of John Milton, 17 December Navigation Act regulates commerce with British colonies Company of Royal Adventurers in Africa supersedes Royal African Companies Samuel Pepys drinks his first cup of tea, 25 September Sugar exports exceed indigo exports from St. Kitts René Descartes dies, 11 February
Theatre: Published: Music: |
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Charles II of
Spain born, 11 November Guru Har Rai, head of Sikhs, dies James Harrington arrested and sent to The Tower, 28 December Isaac Newton admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge Willi Leddra executed in New England for being a Quaker, 24 March Theatre: Plays: Plays Published: |
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Bombay ceded by
Portugal to England as part of dowry of Catherine of
Braganza Princess Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, later Queen Mary II born, 30 April British Royal Society established John Dryden elected to Royal Society Last silverr pennies and last unmilled coins minted in London Blaise Pascal dies at convent of Port Royal, 19 August Published: |
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John Dryden
marries Lady Elizabeth Howard King Charles II visits Christ Church, Oxford Theatre: Published: |
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Guru Har
Krishan dies, ending direct line of Sikh succession; Teg
Bahadur succeeds as leader Dutch establish sovereignty over Indrapura in Sumatra Second Dutch War begins between Britain
and United Provinces Sugar cultivation begins in Jamaica Theatre: Plays: Published: |
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Princess Anne,
daughter of James, Duke of York, later Queen Anne, born,
6 February Edmund Halley born, 29 October Great plague strikes London, King Charles II moves Court to Oxford Newton discovers generalized binomial theorem, leaves Cambridge to avoid plague, begins study at home Journal des scavans begun, first French magazine Oxford Gazette, pioneer English newspaper begins publication Royal Society begins publishing Philosophical Transactions Plays: John Dryden, The Indian Emperor Orrery, Mustapha First "play" in Anglo-American colonies: Ye Bare and Ye Cubb, Fowkes' Tavern, Accomac City, Virginia |
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Suleiman I of
Turkey dies, 5 September Dutch conquer Padang province in Sumatra Great Fire of London begins, 2
September, burns for four days Art: Theatre: |
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Turks occupy
Crete Pope Alexander VII dies, 22 May Abraham Cowley dies in Chertsey, 28
July, interred in Westminster Abbey Published: Plays: Art: |
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Giambattista
Vico
born,
23
June Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt, Austrian architect, born, 14 November Giornale de’letterati, edited by Francesco Nazzari, first Italian magazine John Dryden named Poet Laureate Theatre: Published: Plays: |
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Ottomans take
Crete from Venice Mount Etna erupts in Sicily - 20,000 killed British East India Co. begins importing
tea from China by way of Dutch colony at Batavia
Art: Theatre: |
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Grand Duke
Ferdinand II of Florence dies, succeeded by his son
Cosimo III Johann Amos Comenius dies in Amsterdam, November (b. 1592) William Clement builds improved
pendulum clock in London Theatre: Plays: Music: Published: |
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Leibnitz
constructs first calculating machine capable of
multiplication and division
Theatre: Plays: Published: |
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Peter the Great
of Russia born, 30 May Mawlay Isma'il consolidates 'Alawi rule in Morocco Jasper Mayne dies, 6 December Archibald Armstrong, Fool to James I, buried, Arthuret, Cumberland, 1 April Gilles Marie Oppenord, French architect, born, 27 July Joseph Addison born in Milston, Wiltshire, 1 May King Charles II issues "Declaration of Indulgence" permitting licensing of Dissenters’ worship Donneau de Vise founds Mercure Galant, pioneering light popular magazine format The Royal African Company founded to promote British slave trade English seize Virgin Islands from Dutch Sir Isaac Newton builds first reflecting telescope Anne Bradstreet, pioneer American poetess, dies, 16 September Theatre: Music: Published |
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French
explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet explore the
Mississippi River as far south as Arkansas
English Parliament passes First Test
Act, designed to bar Catholics from public office
Theatre: Plays Published: Henry Herringman publishes Davenant's plays in one volume Published: |
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John Milton
dies, 8 November (?), buried in St. Giles, Cripplegate,
12 November Dutch cede New Amsterdam to British, 10 November Jethro Tull, pioneer British agronomist, born Isaac Watts born, 17 July Thomas Traherne dies, 27 September Theatre: Music: Art: |
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Guru
Teg
Bahadur, leader of Sikhs, executed by Aurangzeb; his son
Guru Govind Singh succeeds him Peasant uprisings in Bordeaux and Brittany Newton, in Hypothesis of Light, posits the existence of the ether John Bunyan imprisoned Art: Published: Plays: |
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Robert Walpole born at Houghton
Hall, Norfolk, 26 August Frances Wolfreston, earliest collector of Shakespeare editions, dies. Her collection is auctioned in 1856 King Philip leads war by Narragansetts against New England settlers, defeated and killed 12 August Nathaniel Bacon leads revolt against Virginia Governor Berkeley, Jamestown burnt, 23 executed Quaker William Edmundson makes first public attack in America on slavery, Newport, RI Plays: Published: Music: |
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Benedict
Spinoza dies, The Hague, 21 February Princess Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, marries Prince William of Orange James Harrington dies at Westminster, 11 September Published: Plays: |
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The London
Gazette offers a reward for the author of An
Account of the Growth of Popery Andrew Marvell dies in London, 29 July? or 16 August Titus Oates launches Popish Plot Bolingbroke born, 1 October Louis Hennepin first European to see Niagara Falls Music: Art: Published: |
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First
engineering use of explosives, Malpas Tunnel of the
Canal du Midi in France
Archbishop James Sharp murdered by
Scottish Covenanters, 3 May Published: |
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Peasant
uprising in Bohemia Nicholas Barbon establishes England's first fire insurance company, "The Fire Office" John Wilmott, Earl of Rochester, dies, 26 July Theatre: Plays: |
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Ottomans cede
Kiev to Russia Francesco Morosini elected Doge of Venice Parliament passes second "Exclusion Bill" Music: Published: |
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First "tornado"
witnessed by Anglo-American settlers, New Haven, CT, 10
June Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle travels down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico calls territory "Louisiana" and claims it for France, 9 April Published: Plays: Art: |
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Ottomans
recapture Iraq from Safavid Persians Austrians and Poles repulse Ottoman Turks at Vienna, 12 September Viennese baker invents "croissant" in celebration of victory Polish adventurer opens first Viennese, and European, coffehouse, introduces bügel (later "bagel") Queen Marie Therése of France dies, 30 July Isaak Walton dies at Winchester, 15
December Theatre: Plays: Published: |
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Robert
Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, builds outposts in what are
now Illinois and Texas
Leibnitz begins publishing accounts of
his calculus Theatre: Art: |
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Hakuin, founder
of modern Japanese Zen Buddhism, born Yellow Fever outbreak in Brazil Charles II dies, 6 February, James II
succeeds to throne Music: Theatre: Art: Plays Produced: |
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James II
launches program of full equality for Catholics
Art: Published: |
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French explorer
Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, killed in mutiny, 19
March
John Alden, last survivor of the
Mayflower Pilgrims, dies, 12 September Music: Art: Published: |
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Alexander Pope
born in London, 21 May James Francis Edward Stuart, son to James II (?), later "Old Pretender," born, 10 June John Bunyan dies at a friend's house in Holborn, 31 August; buried in Bunhill Fields William of Orange lands at Torbay in Devon Philippe Quinault dies, 26 November James II escapes to France, 23 December Four Germantown, Pennsylvania, Quakers sign protest against slavery as violation of the "Golden Rule." Physician Johannes Hofer coins word "nostalgia" to describe extreme homesickness of Swiss mercenaries Art: Music: Theatre: Published: |
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Warsaw becomes
seat of Polish government Charles de Montesquieu born, 18 January Russian and Chinese agree to Treaty of Nertchinsk, 7 September English Parliament offers crown to
William of Orange and Mary Stuart, 13 February
Theatre: Plays: Published: Art: |
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James II
defeated at Battle of the Boyne in Ireland, 1 July
French physicist Denis Papin invents pressure cooker, speculates about steam power Publick Occurences, first American "newspaper," publishes one issue in Boston, immediately suppressed Art: Music: Plays: Published: |
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George Etherege
dies, sometime between 1691-93 Robert Boyle dies, 7 January George Fox dies, 13 January Plays: Sir Dudley North, Discourses upon Trade Jacob Tonson pays Dryden 30 guineas for Cleomenes |
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Glencoe
massacre of Scottish Highlanders, 13 February Thomas Shadwell dies in Chelsea, 19 November, possibly of opium overdose Bridget Bishop hanged for witchcraft in
Salem (now Danvers), Massachusetts, 10 June Plays: Published: |
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Earthquake in
Catania, Italy, 11 January, 60,000 killed Saint Paul of the Cross born Ladies’ Mercury, first women’s magazine, founded in London Newton publishes first accounts of his work with calculus William Caslon, typefounder, born in Cradley, Worcestershire, 23 April John Aubrey deposits the manuscript of his Lives in the Ashmolean Museum Art: |
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Francesco
Morosini, Doge of Venice, dies, succeeded by Silvestro
Valier Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, born in Paris, 21 November Pierre Jean Mariette, French print publisher, born, 7 May Scaramouche dies, 8 December <>Parliament incorporates Bank of England Lord Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, born in London, 22 September Hugh the Elder Chamberlen, practicing obstetrics in Scotland, publishes a book that first advocates health insurance |
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King William
grants large estates in Ireland to Lady Orkney for foeda
labiorum ministeria Irish Parliament passes first "Penal Laws" against Catholics Jean de la Fontaine dies, 13 March Jonathan Swift ordained an Anglican priest in Ireland, given prebent of Kilroot, 13 January Anthony à Wood dies in Oxford, 29 November Theatre: Published: Art: Music: |
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James
Edward
Oglethorpe
born,
22 December Captain William Kidd begins career as pirate Saint Alphonsus Mary de' Liguori born in Naples Famine in Finland begins, will claim a quarter to a third of population Isaac Newton takes up post of warden of Royal Mint Art: Published: Plays: |
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Abbé
Provost born, 1 April Outspoken atheist Thomas Aikenhead hanged in Edinburgh, last British execution for "blasphemy," 8 January Trinity Church, first Anglican church in New York City, chartered. John Aubrey dies Art: Plays: Published: |
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Dom Perignon
pioneers sparkling carbonated wine called "Champagne"
Art: Published: |
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Venice
concludes peace treaty with Turks at Karlowitz, Ottomans
cede Hungary to Austria French establish settlements in Louisiana and Mississippi Gottfried Prehauser born in Vienna Isaac Newton promoted to Master of Royal Mint De Waal, old Dutch defense, torn down in New York. Wall Street remains in its place. Art: Published: Theatre: Plays: |
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Pacific NW of
America experiences massive earthquake; tsunami in Japan
ensues, 26 January Silvestro Valier, Doge of Venice, dies Pope Innocent XII dies, 27 September, Gian Francesco Albani becomes Pope Clement XI Treaty with Emperor Leopold I recognizes Elector Frederick III of Brandenberg King of Prussia Charles II, last Hapsburg King of Spain dies, 1 November "Wars of the Spanish Succession" follow between Bourbon Philip IV, and the Hapsburgs Approximate Population Figures (in
millions): William, Duke of Gloucester, son of
Princess Anne and heir apparent, dies Art: Plays produced: Published: |
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Sir
Charles
Sedley dies at his home near Hampstead, 20 August
James II dies in France, September "Queen Anne's War" with France begins Captain William Kidd hanged in London for piracy Isaac Newton resigns his duties at Cambridge to concentrate on his work as Master of Royal Mint Published: |
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John
Gay
begins apprenticeship to London silk merchant First English daily newspaper, The Daily Courant, begins publication in Fleet Street, 11 March Art: Theatre: |
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Muhammad ibn
Abd al-Wahhab, Sunni religious reformer and founder of
Wahhabism, born François Boucher born, 29 September Samuel Pepys dies at a friend's country
house in Clapham, 26 May Plays: Theatre: Published: |
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Marlborough and
Prince Eugene defeat the French at Blenheim, 2 August
Native Americans attack Deerfield, Massachusetts, 29 February John Locke dies at Oates, home of Sir Francis Masham in High Laver, Essex, 28 October Art: Published: |
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English import
duty on foreign sugar increased from 270% to 340% Queen Anne knights Isaac Newton in recognition of his reforms at the Royal Mint Art: Jacques François Blondel, French architect, born, 8 January Michel-Ange Slodtz, French sculptor, born, 27 September Published: |
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Benjamin
Franklin born in Boston, 17 January John Baskerville, English printer and font designer, born, 28 January Plays: |
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Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb dies Carolus Linnaeus, naturalist and taxonomer, born in Råshult, Sweden, 23 May Christoph (Keller) Cellarius, historian, dies, 4 June Act of Union creates "United Kingdom"
of England, Scotland and Ireland Theatre: Plays: |
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First Church of the Brethren baptisms
near Schwartznau in Palatinate Guru Govind Singh, tenth leader of Sikhs, assassinated Skeleton discovered in secret vault beneath Minster Lovell, believed that of Francis Lovell, missing since 1485 Art: Plays: |
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Louis XIV
closes the Port Royal monastery British-Colonial troops capture Port Royal, Nova Scotia, from French Governor’s Council of New York forbids all "play acting and prize fighting" Samuel Johnson born in Lichfield, Staffordshire, 18 September First British "Copyright Act" enacted Bank of England declared only English bank allowed to operate on a joint-stock basis Music: Published: Plays: |
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Published:
Congreve, Works Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, Théodicée |
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Addison and
Steele begin publishing The Spectator Queen Anne establishes Ascot Races Malborough dismissed as Commander-in-Chief David Hume born in Edinburgh, 26 April Jupiter Hammon, first published American black poet, born, 17 October Theater: Published: |
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Jane Wenham hanged, last English
execution for witchcraft, accused of flying and
talking to her cat Sir Hans Sloane purchases the manor of Chelsea from the Cheyne family Thomas Newcomen invents steam-driven pump to remove water from mines: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS! Jean-Jacques Rousseau born, 28 June Saint Petersburg becomes capital of Russia Slave revolts in New York begin, 6 April, six blacks commit suicide, twenty-one are executed in aftermath Published:
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Swift, Pope,
Congreve et al found "The Scriblers Club"
Laurence Sterne born in Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland, 24 November Denis Diderot born in Langres, 5 October Jacques Germain Soufflot, French architect, born, 22 July Bread riot in Boston, 19 May Treaty of Utrecht ends war with France: Gilbralter goes to Britain, Rossillon to France, Borbon rules Spain Asiento Treaty grants American slave trade exclusively to England Plays Produced: Published: |
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Henry Mill
granted Royal Letters Patent for "artificial machine ...
for the impressing or transcribing of letters" Queen Anne dies, succeeded by George I, of Hanover, descendant of James I’s daughter, Elizabeth Theatre: Art: Published: |
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Louis XIV, King
of France, dies, succeeded by his son Louis XV
Art: Bernard Mandeville, Fable of the Bees, second edition First English edition of Andrea Palladio's Four Books of Architecture, in London by Giacomo Leoni Kau Yi Keh Kung, Imperial edition of the I Ching, Book of Changes, in Peking |
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First theater opens in British American
colonies, Williamsburg, Virginia Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebnitz dies First Bible published in Ireland, John 5:14 reads "sin on more," instead of "sin no more" |