Honors Klemistry Unit 1

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Concept Map Chapter Outline "Creations of Fire" Reading Guides "The Periodic Table" Reading Guide Observation Test Review Measurement Test Review

Behavior of Solids on Warming Lab Thermometer Lab Challenge

The Role of Observation in Science Worksheet Melting Regularities and the CRC Worksheet Precision Practice Worksheet Graphing Histograms

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CHAPTER OUTLINE

1. There is a lot of variety within chemistry, but all chemists work with the physical materials, connecting their properties to their structure. (1.1-1.2, 1.5)
2. Quality observations are detailed, focused, and unambiguous.
3. Prior knowledge influences what is observed & inferred.
4. he scientific method involves observations, hypotheses, & experiments. (1.3)
5. Experiments can be mapped out on a Vee.
6. Summaries of observations are laws, while explanations of observations are theories. (1.4)
7. Models provide a link between observations and theories.(1.4)
8. All measurements have a limit of reliability. (2.2)
9. Precision measures reliability while accuracy reflects validity.
10. Significant digits are a way to express experimental precision. (2.1, 2.4-2.5)
11. Avg.and std. deviation express precision of groups of data.
12. Min-Max calculations show the affects of calculations on precision (accumulated error).

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"Creations of Fire" Reading Guide

Observation : pp. 22-24, 75-85, 107-110

When you go through separated "chunks" of text like this, focus on my questions rather than trying to comprehend all the details. Compare/contrast the role of observation among the Greeks (Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle), the early Europeans (the Scholastics and Empiricists), and the "revolutionaries" (Descartes and Francis Bacon).

Roger Bacon PSD: pp. 396-403

When you go through primary documents like this, focus on my questions rather than trying to comprehend all the details. What are the two ways of knowing? Why is experience better than argument? What are "exterior" and "interior" experiences? How does the virtue of an observer affect his/her ability to learn? What's the first great prerogative of experimental science?

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"The Periodic Table" Reading Guide

 HYDROGEN: pp. 21-28

• How are Enrico's expectations about being a chemist different than Levi's?
• Is Levi confident about his ability to do lab work? Why (not)?
• What experiments do Enrico & Levi try out? How well do they succeed? How does Levi feel about their efforts?

  ZINC: pp. 29-36

• If you don't know what fascism is, find out!
• What is Professor P's attitude towards students' labs?
• Why does Levi think zinc is a boring metal?
• Why must copper sulfate be added to the zinc-acid reaction?
• Find out what "hyle" is.
• What connection does Levi make between imperfections in chemistry& in life?
• Compare Levi's and Rita's views of going to university.

   IRON: pp. 37-49

• How is the 2nd year's lab course different than the 1st year's?
• Did Levi prefer the known methods of qualitative analysis? What did he prefer?
• What's the university's attitude towards safety?
• Why did Sandro pick chemistry?
• Contrast Sandro's and Levi's ideas of matter as a teacher.
• What did Levi learn from his adventures with Sandro?

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Observation Test Review (essay given below)

KNOW	draw a Vee and label all the parts explain the difference between any two parts on a Vee make a hypothesis for an experiment identify basic characteristics of scientific thinking of Plato, Aristotle, the Scholastics, the Empiricists & Revolutionaries (Roger Bacon, Francis Bacon), and the Constructivists (Karl Popper)
DO	take an experiment and map it onto a Vee

Measurement Test Review

KNOW	accuracy vs. precision phase changes how a Bunsen burner works
DO	read alcohol, mercury, and micro thermometers accurately & precisely calculate mean, median, and average deviation for sets of data round calculations to correct sig. figs. & identify precision of numbers from sig. figs. identify precision of calculated values via min/max light a Bunsen burner and properly adjust the flame

TAKE-HOME ESSAY: What is Priestly's belief on the role of observation in science? Use the exerpt from his paper to defend your position. Include a comparison to two other scientists or groups we have studied.

Of Dephlogisticated Air, and of the Constitution of the Atmosphere, by Joseph Priestley (1733-1804)

• "The contents of this section will furnish a very striking illustration of the truth of a remark, which I have more than once made in my philosophical writings, and which can hardly be too often repeated, as it tends greatly to encourage philosophical investigations; viz. that more is owing to what we call chance, that is, philosophically speaking, to the observation of events arising from unknown causes, than to any proper design, or pre-conceived theory in this business. This does not appear in the works of those who write synthetically upon these subjects; but would, I doubt not, appear very strikingly in those who are the most celebrated for their philosophical acumen, did they write analytically and ingenuously.

  For my own part, I will frankly acknowledge, that, at the commencement of the experiments recited in this section, I was so far from having formed any hypothesis that led to the discoveries I made in pursuing them, that they would have appeared very improbable to me had I been told of them; and when the decisive facts did at length obtrude themselves upon my notice, it was very slowly, and with great hesitation, that I yielded to the evidence of my senses. And yet, when I re-consider the matter, and compare my last discoveries relating to the constitution of the atmosphere with the first, I see the closest and the easiest connexion in the world between them, so as to wonder that I should not have been led immediately from the one to the other. That this was not the case, I attribute to the force of prejudice, which, unknown to ourselves, biasses not only our judgments, properly so called, but even the perceptions of our senses: for we may take a maxim so strongly for granted, that the plainest evidence of sense will not intirely change, and often hardly modify our persuasions; and the more ingenious a man is, the more effectually he is entangled in his errors; his ingenuity only helping him to deceive himself, by evading the force of truth."

  from Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Volume II, Section III, London, 1775 [from Henry Marshall Leicester and Herbert S. Klickstein, A Source Book in Chemistry 1400-1900 (New York: McGraw Hill, 1952)]

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