Gender is divided into loquent vs. non-loquent (ie. Is it capable of language or not?). Loquent is further divided into formal vs. informal. Gender is indicated by an article placed before the noun. All nouns have articles, except proper nouns and pronouns.
For a complete explanation of articles see the commentary on determiners.
Add the suffix -a to the article to indicate an indefinite article.
Used when talking to someone of a higher station or as a form of respect. It is also used for dreams and religious or arcane concepts. Use the article asem before the noun.
Used when talking to someone of the same or a lower station. It is also used for abstract concepts. Use the article ipen before the noun.
Used for non-intelligent creatures and inanimate objects. Use the article ümen before the noun.
Nouns are generally considered singular. To indicate more than one (plural) add the suffix -da; -eda (before a final stop). The suffix is not obligatory. It is generally ommitted when a number or a partitive suffix is present on the determiner.
Possessives are divided into three classes: relationships, alienable, and inalienable. Marking the possessive eliminates the requirement for a determiner on the possessed object -- although one can be included.
Indicating relationships between people; add the prefix si- to the possessed object, which comes after the possessor
Things that are in your possession, but can be given or taken away; add the prefix sa- to the possessed object, which comes after the possessor
Things that cannot be given or taken away--they will always belong to, or be a part of, the possessor; add the prefix se- to the possessed object, which comes after the possessor
To indicate a person that "uses" the thing, add the suffix -ë, -në before a vowel
To indicate a person that makes the thing, add the suffix -an, -nan before a vowel
No distinction is made between nominative (I, he, they), genitive (my, his, their), and accusative (me, his, them) forms.
| Singular | Plural * | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| First Person: | ä | kulä (inclusive), wokä (exclusive) | |
| Formal: | second person | kul | kulda |
| third person - male | pak | pakeda | |
| third person - female | mek | mekeda | |
| third person - unknown/mixed gender | wok | wokeda | |
| Informal: | second person | kur | kurda |
| third person | wor | wor | |
| Non-loquent: ** | um | umda | |
Indicating possession works the same as with nouns (see above)
Add the suffix -sal to the pronoun
Add the suffix -sä to the pronoun
Multiple same pronouns in the same sentence. When there are two distinct, but same, pronouns in a sentence, decline the object's (or second person's) pronoun by changing the vowel from low to high (add diaeresis ¨).
Because the possessive prefix is attached to the thing possessed, the pronoun before the possessive can be eliminated if it is the same as the subject of the sentence.
Indicated by preceding the verb with the auxilary verb zel for future, jas for past.
Immediacy, certainty, modality, and negation are indicated by adding affixes to the auxilary. For a complete explanation of the auxilary, see the commentary.
| Stative | Dynamic | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| tïse | know | dise | learn |
| egwa | mount | ëkwa | ride |
| zaha | search/seek | säha | find |
| möre | dead | more | die |
| okyölnag | see | ögyölnag | watch/look |
To cause someone to do an action (causative): add the prefix tä-
To indicate doing an action again: add the prefix sen-
To indicate undoing an action (conversive): add the prefix ü-, ün-
Multiple aspects can be applied as necessary. They are generally applied in the order listed. Although this is not a set rule.
The augmentative strengthens a verb, while the diminutive weakens.
Apply the infix after the first syllable:
| Base | Augmentative -asë | Diminutive -ip- / -ipe- |
|---|---|---|
| talk | shout | whisper |
| look | examine | glance |
| laugh | guffaw | giggle |
| love | lust | like |
| hate | despise | dislike |
To indicate someone who does an action: add suffix -ë (changes verb to a noun)
Wikilret makes no real distinction between adjectives and adverbs. Both follow the same general rules.
All modifiers are classed as restrictive or attributive:
Adjectives and adverbs are often "binary" in nature. The main words are generally those that imply positive, larger, "better" things: such as tall, big, strong, fast, rich, etc. Exceptions to this of course are numbers and colours.
The opposite is formed by adding the prefix kre-
Add the suffix: -aj or -haj
Add the suffix: -cö
To change an adjective to a verb add the suffix -en or -den (after a vowel)
There are six main conjunctions:
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