Auxilary Verbs

Auxilary verbs modify the verb, by indicating tense, negation, indicating immediacy, and/or indicating certainty of an action. Auxilary verbs come immediatly before the verb.

(Negation Prefix-)(Immediacy Prefix-)(Modal Prefix-)(tense)(-certainty suffix) verb (negation article)

Tense

Indicated by preceding the verb with the auxilary verb zel for future, jas for past.

• tïse know, jas tïse knew, zel tïse will know
• ëkwa ride, jas ëkwa rode, zel ëkwa will ride

Negation

To negate a verb prefix the auxilary verb (if any) with za- and place the 'article' kal after the verb.

• 'ä os lëtrop' 'I can swim'
• 'ä zaos lëtrop kal' 'I cannot swim'

Immediacy

To indicate immediate or near future or past (ie. about to do, or just did, an action, add the prefix ke-

Modal Prefixes

Modal prefixes indicate whether the actor can or has to do the action:

• hün- is allowed to (ie. permission has been granted)
• os- is able to (ie. physically and/or mentally capable)
• ösa- need to (ie. a physical neccessity)
• pir- responsibility to (ie. a moral obligation)

Certainty Modifying Suffixes

To modify the certainty of a future event or the desire that a past event had occurred.

• -a: less certain -- as the English may (for future), "too bad one hadn't" (for past)
• -aj, -haj: more certain -- as the English should/ought (for future), should have (for past)
• -cö: most certain -- as the English will (for future), wish ond had; ie. a yearning (for past)