The math Module

The `math` Module
	Chapter 5. Advanced Expressions

The `math` Module

The math module is made available to your programs with:

import math

The math module contains the following trigonometric functions

math.acos (x ) → number: arc cosine of x.
math.asin (x ) → number: arc sine of x.
math.atan (x ) → number: arc tangent of x.
math.atan2 (y, x ) → number: arc tangent of y/x.
math.cos (x ) → number: cosine of x.
math.cosh (x ) → number: hyperbolic cosine of x.
math.exp (x ) → number: e**x, inverse of log(x).
math.hypot (x, y ) → number: Euclidean distance, sqrt(x*x + y*y), length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with height of y and length of x.
math.log (x ) → number: natural logarithm (base e) of x, inverse of exp(x).
math.log10 (x ) → number: natural logarithm (base 10) of x, inverse of 10**x.
math.pow (x, y ) → number: x**y.
math.sin (x ) → number: sine of x.
math.sinh (x ) → number: hyperbolic sine of x.
math.sqrt (x ) → number: square root of x. This version returns an error if you ask for sqrt(-1), even though Python understands complex and imaginary numbers. A second module, cmath, includes a version of sqrt(x) which correctly creates imaginary numbers.
math.tan (x ) → number: tangent of x.
math.tanh (x ) → number: hyperbolic tangent of x.

Additionally, the following constants are also provided.

math.pi: the value of pi, 3.1415926535897931
math.e: the value of e, 2.7182818284590451, used for the exp(x) and log(x) functions.

The math module contains the following other functions for dealing with floating point numbers.

math.ceil (x ) → number: next larger whole number. math.ceil(5.1) == 6, math.ceil(-5.1) == -5.0.
math.fabs (x ) → number: absolute value of the real x.
math.floor (x ) → number: next smaller whole number. math.floor(5.9) == 5, math.floor(-5.9) == -6.0.
math.fmod (x, y ) → number: floating point remainder after division of x/y. This depends on the platform C library and may return a different result than the Python x % y.
math.modf (x ) → ( number, number ): creates a tuple with the fractional and integer parts of x. Both results carry the sign of x so that x can be reconstructed by adding them.
math.frexp (x ) → ( number, number ): this function unwinds the usual base-2 floating point representation. A floating point number is m*2**e, where m is always a fraction between 1/2 and 1, and e is an integer power of 2. This function returns a tuple with m and e. The inverse is ldexp(m,e).
math.ldexp (m, e ) → number: m*2**e, the inverse of frexp(x).