Music Notation on the Apple Mac
This site and
the music it contains have been produced using Apple
Macintosh computers; the music itself has all been notated
with Sibelius (currently I use Sibelius 5.2.5 for
Mac http://www.sibelius.com).
Files are posted as Scorch web pages which I have set so
that Sibelius users can download the files as Sibelius
files and edit them; files are also available as pdf
documents as this format is now universally available.
Notating
Lute Tablature on the Apple Mac
The leading
programs for notating and engraving lute tablature are
Fronimo, Django, Tab and abctab.
Fronimo (from Francesco Triboli) (download here, via the
Fronimo Yahoo group) and Django (by Alain
Veylit) are both excellent programs for creating lute
tablature arrangements, but are only available for
Windows operating systems. Both should run on recent
Macs (with Intel processors) using an emulator (Boot
Camp, Parallels Desktop or VMWare Fusion or Virtual Box)
to run Windows. I use VMWare Fusion with Windows XP Home
and this works well. Older Macs can run these programs
via Virtual PC for Mac (now discontinued). I found they
ran quite slowly on a G5 iMac - though noticeably faster
with Windows 2000 than with Windows XP.
Both programs
can output notation as well as tablature; the results
with tablature are excellent; with notation less good.
Fronimo can open Tab documents and import and export
MIDI; Django can import the ABC format and MIDI files.
It can also export to Music XML (though this
functionality is limited to exporting notation) and
MIDI.
Tab (devised by
Wayne Cripps) is described as a tyepsetter for lute
tablature and is a command line program developed on the
Linux operating system, but able to run on several
platforms (including Apple Mac). It produces excellent
results but is harder to learn than conventional WYSIWYG
music notation programs. There is a
tab-by-mail service that
provides conversion from ASCII tab to a Postscript document
containing the finished tablature, accompanied by a MIDI
file of the music if required.
XTab (by Eric
Redlinger) is available as a free download, is a
graphical front end for Tab for Apple Mac which makes it
slightly more easy to use and includes the option for
outputting MIDI and is a good option for setting lute
tablature if you have the patience to learn how to use
the instruction set.
The advantages of using Tab via XTab (or via a text editor)
are that tab entry is very quick once the principles are
grasped and the options for specifying the look of the
final tablature are very flexible.
Abctab is a system
built by Christoph Dalitz, based on the open source abc
music notation system. It resembles Tab in its approach
to notating tablature and has the added advantage that
it can be configured to provide optical recognition of
printed tablature. It will run on Linux and Mac OSX.
An old pre OS X program SpeedScore (from the
late Frederick Noad) will runs in the Classic
environment on a Mac and is well designed for creating
both guitar arrangements and lute tablature for
printing, but it is purely and engraving software and
can’t import or export MIDI (or anything else).
TablEdit is a cross
platform program that is available for Mac OS X and can
be used to enter tablature and convert it to staff
notation, but I don’t find it suitable for producing
tablature arrangements as the only way to handle bass
courses is to create extra staff lines. However TablEdit
does have some useful features. It can import some
tablature documents, and it can import and export MIDI
and Music XML. (It claims
to be able to import Wayne Cripps’ Tab format
but this
functionality seems to be disabled in the Apple Mac
version, and when I tried the demo of the PC version I
couldn't get it to work correctly.)
NoteAbility Pro
is an Apple
Mac music notation program that does have a reasonably
good implementation of lute tablature including correct
notation for courses 7 - 9. It is is fairly
straightforward to enter tablature though the dedicated
‘Tablature’ font is disappointingly difficult to read on
screen. In addition the process of converting staff
notation to tablature is troublesome, requiring separate
entry of rhythm flags.
Harmony Assistant is a cross
platform program that has an implementation of tablature
but, like TablEdit, it doesn’t handle bass courses well.
Finale,
which is one of the leading cross platform notation
programs does have an implementation of tablature, but I
have not tried using it for lute tablature. The Finale
manual is not helpful on this topic and a search of the
Finale forums suggests problems implementing rhythm flags
and bass courses, but it is a powerful and customisable
program so there may be a workaround for these problems -
I’d like to hear about it if there is!
Sibelius
is
also a powerful cross platform program and it can be used
to produce first class lute printed lute tablature. The
Sibelius manual does now have a chapter on Lute tablature,
but it's quite short and for the new user it's still quite
difficult to work out the options for for producing
different styles of lute tablature. Here are some pointers
to entering lute tablature:
Entering
Lute tablature with Sibelius:
Sibelius can be used for entering lute tablature (for
example if transcribing a piece from a tablature source).
Creating a new document gives the option of
specifying Lute
as
the instrument. Several different lute tunings are
available (with the option of configuring your own) and
selecting one of these gives a tablature staff in the
appropriate tuning. Note entry can be carried out using the
Keypad to set note duration, the mouse to determine the
course and the keyboard numerals to set the fret (0 = a, 1
= b, 2 = c etc). Bass courses below 6 need to be entered
separately via the Create>Text menu and the Sibelius
manual suggests that Percussion
Stickings should be used
for lute basses. Music entered this way can, of course, be
transcribed to notation (except for the bass courses)
though it will then need editing to conform to the usual
conventions of notation in representing overlapping voices.
Sibelius has an option for specifying the tablature font
(via House Style> Edit Text Styles) and can use fonts
imported from other music programs.
Dealing with rhythm flags:
Tablature entered in Sibelius turns out beamed as if it
were staff notation. However Sibelius has options for
providing reasonably authentic rhythm flags - though some
‘fakery’ is sometimes necessary especially with longer
notes and sometimes with dotted notes (by ‘fakery’ I
generally mean pasting in additional symbols to mimic
tablature sources). One of the keypad layers provides the
option of removing all beaming from the rhythm flags and
Notehead 3 or Notehead 8 in the Properties dialogue will
hide flags so that the convention of omitting flags on
notes of identical duration can be followed.
Some tablature sources represent rhythm by means of small
notes placed above the tablature staff. This can be
reproduced in Sibelius by using a second, hidden staff as
follows;
1) Enter or create tablature in the usual way.
2) Hide rhythm flags by selecting the tablature and
choosing Noteheads 3 (or 8) in the Notes section the
Properties window (this step can be done later if you
prefer).
3) Go to Create>Instruments. Select Choose from: all
Instruments, Family: Others, Instrument: No instrument
(hidden) and Add to Score above the Lute staff. With the
dialogue still open select this Instrument and Tick 'Small
Staff'. Click OK and the staff is added to the score. This
new staff is unfortunately invisible, but you should be
able to select the first bar by clicking above the
tablature staff! However another method, if you prefer, is
to create a single line percussion staff, carry out the
next steps and then change the staff to 'No instrument
(hidden)'
4) Copy the music from the tablature staff. Select the
first bar of the invisible staff and paste the music into
it. Select the first note (or a note in the first chord)
and choose Notes>Re-input Pitches. Press and hold down B
until all the notes are processes - they should appear as a
line of notes at one pitch representing the rhythm. You may
need to select all and reverse the stems (X). Then using
the keypad (3rd page, top row, right hand symbol - as
described above) unbeam the notes. Drag one of the staves
so that the rhythm dots on each staff coincide. Lastly (if
required) select and hide notes that represent repeated
rhythm symbols.
Other
options:
There are also other Sibelius options that can be useful
for tablature. Having set font and layout options to suit
it is worth saving the result as Manuscript Paper in order
to retain the options for future use. Also, setting
keyboard shortcuts can be useful, for example in entering
bass notes or switching back and forth between notation and
tablature staves. Other ‘fakery’ that may be needed
includes hiding notes by colouring them white - this leaves
a rhythm flag on its own, which can be useful for notating
a held note or for providing a rhythm flag for a bass note.
I have included here a set of
instructions for converting staff notation to lute
tablature that I wrote prior to the section above and it
therefore covers some of the same ground.
Thanks for
some of the hints on these pages are especially due to
Wim Hoogewerf, Stefan Lundgren and others who have
posted on "lute tablature" in the Technical Support
Forum on the Sibelius Music web site at
http://www.sibeliusmusic.com.
Music
Indexes:
Guitar
Arrangements
10-string
Guitar
Lute
Tablature
Ensemble
First
Drafts
Composer
Index