Renhold Ring

Also known as, or recorded in historical documents as; Water End Farm; Hill Farm; Howbury; Adinggreves

In the civil parish of Renhold. In the historic county of Bedfordshire (Modern Authority of Bedfordshire, 1974 county of Bedfordshire).

Howbury, earthwork at Water End Farm is a circular area 130 ft in diameter with 10 ft high ramparts and a wide wet ditch outside. It probably had one original entrance on the west but the old road to St Neots has mutilated it making a second one on the east (Fowler). On balance it would be better classified as a medieval ringwork rather than a Danish work. (PastScape–field investigators comment, 1975)
The monument includes a ringwork castle and part of a later medieval droveway which ran through it. It is situated at the top of a steep slope, which falls southwards to the River Great Ouse, lying adjacent to Hill Farm and south of the St Neots Road. The ringwork, once known as Addingreves Castle, comprises an earthen bank 8m wide by up to 3m high enclosing a circular area 40m in diameter. The bank is breached by two entrances, one at the west and the other at the north east. Surrounding the ringwork is a ditch which is up to 24m wide. This has become infilled over the years and is now only about 1m deep at the south ans west and is totally infilled on the north and east. Its width is evidence that the original depth would have been much greater. The northern edge of the ditch lies beneath the carriageway of the road and is partially altered by a modern roadside drainage ditch which is about 2m wide and 2m deep. Despite this, the bottom of the ditch is thought to survive intact on this side. The southern arm of the ditch recently held standing water but is now dry. The medieval droveway ran between Bedford and St Neots largely on the line of the modern road but, where the road is diverted to the north of the ringwork, traces of the trackway survive as later alterations to the earthwork. Opposite the western entrance a ramp or hollow-way 15m wide leads out of the ditch, extending for 30m beyaond its outer edge. There is a distinct camber to this ramp and also in the entrance to the ringwork which has been widened to accommodate the track. The track continued east, out of the second entrance, and followed the line of the modern road. Adjacent to the monument are slight and poorly defined earthworks which indicate that the land was under cultivation in the medieval period. A number of burials were found on the site in the early 19th century while the monument was erroneously described as a Roman amphitheatre on early maps. The monument is now considered to be a Norman castle and although some scholars have suggested that the ringwork might have been built by the Danes in their defence of the Danelaw this has not been proven. After the castle's demise, the earthworks no doubt served as a shelter and watering place for livestock being driven between Bedford and St Neots on the trackway. (Beds HER)

This site is a scheduled monument protected by law.

The Ordnance Survey Map Grid Reference is TL10695129

Air Photo from Air Photo and general mapping	1st edition OS Map from Mid to late 19th century maps
Modern Map from Landscape form and features	Modern Map from General location and route planning
Geograph British Isles occasionally has photos of the site and will usually give an idea of the surrounding landscape.

Sources of information, references and further reading

This site's English Heritage (PastScape) Defra or Monument number is 362997
This site's County Historic Environment Record (formerly Sites and Monuments Record) number is 2806 'grey' literature, such as watching brief reports, held by H.E.R.s is often poorly referenced and is unlikely to be recorded in this website.

• Web site links
  • http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/153/renholdcastle.htm
    
• Books
  • Salter, Mike, 2002, The Castles of The Thames Valley and The Chilterns (Malvern) p15
    King, D.J.C., 1983, Castellarium Anglicanum (London: Kraus) Vol1 p6
    Fowler, P.J. (ed), 1972, Archaeology and the landscape: essays for L V Grinsell p231
    Wadmore, Beauchamp, 1920, The Earthworks of Bedfordshire (Bedford) p253-7
    Page, Wm (ed), 1912, VCH Bedford Vol3 p215 [mention as Danish: Manorial history http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=42417]
    Goddard, A.R., 1904, 'Ancient Earthworks' in Doubleday, H.Arthur and Page, Wm (eds), VCH Bedford Vol1 p284-5 [Called Danish outpost]
• Journal Articles
  • Baker, D., 1982, 'Mottes, Moats and ringworks in Bedfordshire: Beauchamp Wadmore revisited' Château Gaillard Vol9-10 p35-54
    King, D.J.C. and Alcock, L., 1969, 'Ringworks in England and Wales' Château Gaillard Vol3 p90-127
    Dyer, 1962, Bedfordshire Magazine Vol8 p239-40
    Prior, 1869, Archit. Socies. Vol10 p124
    Monkhouse, 1854, Assoc. Archit. Socies. Vol3 p182-5
• Antiquarian (Histories and accounts from late medieval and early modern writers)
  • Chandler, John, 1993, John Leland's Itinerary: travels in Tudor England (Sutton Publishing) p21, 23, 24