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London City Wall
In the civil parish of City Of London.
In the historic county of London, City of (Modern Authority of London, City of, 1974 county of Greater London).
Roman wall strengthened by Alfred the Great and given major overhaul around 1200, had at least 22 semi-circular flanking bastion and six main gates. A few short sections remain at Tower Hill and the Barbican (which includes a bastion). Murage, first received in 1233 continued until early C14, it was preceded by gifts of money. Murage charged on goods sold in market at rates specified for various goods and 1d for the value of 20s for unnamed merchandise (0.417% - although this was a surtax and other taxes were also payable)
This site is a scheduled
monument protected by law. This is a
Grade 1 listed
building protected by law*. (Images
of England number 206295; 199594)
The Ordnance Survey Map Grid Reference is TQ320800
This site's English Heritage (PastScape) Defra or Monument number is
404759
Further information may be available from the holder of the county Historic Environment Record. In particular 'grey' literature, such as watching brief reports, held by H.E.R.s
is often poorly referenced and is unlikely to be recorded in this website, or elsewhere.
- Web site links
- Books
- Lynch, Jo, 2007, Within these walls: Roman and Medieval Defences North of Newgate at the Merrill Lynch Financial Centre, City of London (London; Museum of London Archaeology Service Monograph 33)
Whipp, David, 2006, The Medieval Postern Gate by the Tower of London (London; Museum of London Archaeology Service Monograph 29)
Creighton, O.H. and Higham, R.A., 2005, Medieval Town Walls (Stroud: Tempus) p23, 30, 44, 46, 48, 52-6, 58, 66, 69-71, 87, 90, 92, 97, 107-8, 110, 122, 124, 130-1, 135-6, 139, 143, 158, 162, 167-8, 171, 173, 175, 178, 185-9, 192, 195, 202, 210, 212, 215, 218, 230, 235, 246-7, 261, 278
Elliot, Julia (ed), 2005, Heritage Unlocked; Guide to free sites in London and the South East (London: English Heritage) p12-4
Salter, Mike, 2002, The Castles of The Thames Valley and The Chilterns (Malvern) p51
Pettifer, A., 1995, English Castles, A guide by counties (Woodbridge) p149-50
Schofield, J., 1994, Medieval London House (Yale University Press) p8-12 [Plans of Gates]
Barron, C., 1989, 'The late Middle Ages: 1270-1520' in Lobel, M.D. (ed), The City of London from Prehistoric Times to c.1520; The British Atlas of Historic Towns Vol3 (Oxford: Oxford University Press/Historic Towns Trust) p34-56
Bond, C.J., 1987, 'Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Defences' in Schofield, J. and Leech, R. (eds) Urban Archaeology in Britain (CBA Research Report) p92-116
King, D.J.C., 1983, Castellarium Anglicanum (London: Kraus) Vol1 p272
Barley, M.W., 1975, 'Town Defences in England and Wales after 1066' in Barley (ed) Medieval Towns in England and Wales (CBA research reports) pp57-71 plan p65
Turner, H.L., 1971, Town Defences in England and Wales (London) p156-8
Bell, Cottrill and Spon, 1937, London Wall through 18 Centuries (London)
RCHME, 1929, Inventory of Historic Monuments in London Vol4: London (The City) (HMSO) p1, 4, 31, 88, 93, 104
RCHME, 192?, Inventory of Historic Monuments in London Vol3 (HMSO) p35, 69-106
Lethaby, 1923, Londinium (London)
Harvey, Alfred, 1911, Castles and Walled Towns of England (Methuen and Co) p202-4
Page, Wm (ed), 1909, VCH London Vol1 p43-73
- Journal Articles
- Mann, E., 2006, 'In defence of the City: the gates of London and Temple Bar in the seventeenth century' Architectural History Vol49 p75-99
Bishop, B., 2000, 'A keyhole through the gateway: a watching brief at Aldgate' London Archaeologist Vol9.7 p179-84
Youngs, S.M. et al, 1988 ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1987' Medieval Archaeology Vol32 p248 [downloadable via http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?medarch]
Youngs, S.M., Clark, J. and Barry, T., 1987, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1986' Medieval Archaeology Vol31 p128-9 [downloadable via http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?medarch]
Youngs, S.M., Clark, J. and Barry, T., 1986, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1985' Medieval Archaeology Vol30 p137, 139 [downloadable via http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?medarch]
Youngs, S.M., Clark, J. and Barry, T., 1985, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1984' Medieval Archaeology Vol29 p173, 175 [downloadable via http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?medarch]
Youngs, S.M., Clark, J. and Barry, T.B., 1984, 'Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1983' Medieval Archaeology Vol28 p227, 229 [downloadable via http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?medarch]
Youngs, S.M., Clark, J. and Barry, T.B., 1983, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1982' Medieval Archaeology Vol27 p194 [downloadable via http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?medarch]
Parnell, G., 1982, ‘The excavation of the Roman city wall at the Tower of London and Tower Hill, 1954–76' Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Vol33 p85–13
Dyson, T. and Schofield, J., 1981, ‘Excavations in the City of London: second interim report, 1974–1978' Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Vol32 p24–81
Youngs, S.M. and Clark, J., 1981, ‘Medieval Britain in 1980' Medieval Archaeology Vol25 p211 [downloadable via http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?medarch]
Maloney, J., 1980, ‘The discovery of bastion 4A in the City of London and its implications' Transactions of the London and Middlessex Archaeological Society Vol31 p68-76
Maloney, J. and Harding, C., 1979, ‘Dukes Place and Houndsditch: the medieval defences' London Archaeologist, 3.13 p347-54
Webster, L.E. and Cherry, J., 1979, ‘Medieval Britain in 1978' Medieval Archaeology Vol23 p267 [downloadable via http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?medarch]
Schofield, J., 1978, ‘Bastion 10A: a newly identified bastion in the City of London' Transactions of the London and Middlessex Archaeological Society Vol29 p91-8
Hobley, B. and Schofield, J., 1977, ‘Excavations in the City of London: first interim report, 1974-1975' Antiquaries Journal Vol57 p31-66
Guildhall Museum, 1970, 'Archaeological finds in the City of London 1966-9' Transactions of the London and Middlessex Archaeological Society Vol22 p1-9
1945, Transactions of the London and Middlessex Archaeological Society Vol9 p193-5
Norman, P., 1927, 'The Roman bastion near Castle Street, now Goring Street, EC, excavated and destroyed in 1884' Antiquarian Journal Vol7 p518-20
Lethaby, 1922, The Builder Vol122 p340-3, 376-7 [reprinted as Londinium]
Norman, 1913, Transactions of the London and Middlessex Archaeological Society Vol2 271-6
Terry, 1905, Transactions of the London and Middlessex Archaeological Society Vol1 p351-9
Fox, G.E., 1890, 'Notes on a recent discovery of part of the Roman Wall of London' Archaeologia Vol52 609-16
1888, The Builder Vol54 p314-15
1885, The Antiquary Vol12 p96-101
1885, The Builder Vol48 p742
Brock, 1882, Journal of the British Archaeological Association Vol38 p127-35, 424-6
Price, 1881, Transactions of the London and Middlessex Archaeological Society Vol5 p403-
Langley, 1881, The Antiquary Vol3 p62-5
Brock, 1880, Journal of the British Archaeological Association Vol36 p463-4
Brock, 1876, Journal of the British Archaeological Association Vol32 p490-3
Brock 1875, Journal of the British Archaeological Association Vol31 p76-80
Wallen, 1870, Transactions of the London and Middlessex Archaeological Society Vol3 p52-3
Tite, Wm, 1866, 'On discoveries of remains of the Roman wall of London' Archaeologia Vol40 p295-306
1855, The Builder Vol13 p221-3, 269-71
- Guidebooks
- Chapman, H., Hall, J. and Marsh, G., 1985, The London Wall Walk (London: Museum of London)
- Primary (Medieval documents or transcriptions of such documents
- This section is far from complete and the secondary
sources should be consulted for full references.)
- Antiquarian (Histories and accounts from late medieval and early modern writers)
- Stype, John, 1720, A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster Vol1 Bk1 p7-13 http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/strype/TransformServlet?page=book1_007
Speed, John, 1611-12, The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain [http://faculty.oxy.edu/horowitz/home/johnspeed/Cities17.htm]
William Camden, 1607, Britannia [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/midlesexeng.html#mids6]
Kingsford, C.L. (ed), 1908, A Survey of London, by John Stow: Reprinted from the text of 1603 Vol1 p5-10 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=60016
Most of the sites or buildings
recorded in this web site are NOT open to the public
and permission to visit a site must always be sought from the landowner
or tenant. |
The information on this web page
may be derived from information compiled by and/or copyright of English
Heritage and other individuals and organisations. All the sources
given should be consulted to identify the original copyright holder
and permission obtained from them before use of the information
on this site for commercial purposes. I do
not receive any income from this site and I fund it myself.
The bibliography owes much to various bibliographies produced by
John Kenyon for the Council
for British Archaeology, the Castle Studies Group and others.
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*The listed building
may not be the actual medieval building, but a building on the site
of, or incorporating fragments of, the described site.
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