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Documenting Sources: APA Style in-text Citations. READ THIS FIRST These examples of in-text citations are based on the formats recommended by the American Psychological Association, in the 5th Edition of the Publication Manual. |
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Writing APA parenthetical text citations.
APA citations are generally written in one of several ways:
In one method, the author's last name, the date of publication, and the page number all appear within parentheses at the end of the sentence. The page number is given when you are quoting the author's words.
EXAMPLE:
AUTHOR NOT NAMED IN YOUR TEXT.
Online communication allows students to "communicate quickly, conveniently
and inexpensively with an unlimited number of native speakers or other learners
of the target language all overthe world" (Warschauer, 1995, p. xv).
In another method, the author's last name is the subject of your sentence. Here the date of publication appears in parentheses immediately following the author's last name. If you are quoting the author's words, the page number appears in parentheses at the end of the quotation.
EXAMPLE:
AUTHOR NAMED IN YOUR TEXT.
Warschauer (1995) suggests that online communication allows students to "communicate
quickly, conveniently and inexpensively with an unlimited number of native speakers
or other learners of the target language all overthe world" (p. xv).
Here are some examples of citations of different types of sources.
1..
A WORK WITH TWO AUTHORS.
Pepinsky and DeStefano (1987) demonstrate that a teacher's language often reveals
hidden biases.
2.
A WORK WITH THREE TO FIVE AUTHORS.
Fisher, Dwyer, and Yocam (1996) detail the Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow (ACOT)
project.
3.
A WORK WITH SIX OR MORE AUTHORS.
One study (Rutter et al., 1976) attempts to explain these geographical differences
in adolescent experience.
4.
A WORK WITH A CORPORATE AUTHOR.
Many of the features in Office 2001 are only available on the Mac (Microsoft,
2000).
5.
AN ANONYMOUS WORK.
One article ("The Write Stuff," 1994) introduced the palettes now
so common in word processing.
6.
ONE OF TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR(S).
Computers may be perceived as playmates and not as a teacher (Higgins, 1983a,
pp. 137-145).
7.
TWO OR MORE WORKS BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS.
Two studies (Higgins, 1983; Mohan, 1986) exemplify the role of computers in
language learning.
8.
AN INDIRECT SOURCE.
Supporting data appears in a study by Johns (cited in Brett, 1994).
To
return to the first APA formatting page, click here.