Parameter	Female	Male	References
Largest specimens (Total length and mass)	1.981 m; 1.515 mTL		Miller and Lea (1972); Ackerman 1971
Size range of specimens	0.226-1.450 m TL (n = 162)		Kusher et al. 1992
Size at maturity	0.95-1.1 m TL	1.0-1.1 m TL	Kusher et al. 1992
Smallest mature	0.94 m TL (10 yr)	1.01 m TL (10 yr); 1.15 m TL (7 yr)	Kusher et al. 1992
Largest immature	1.08 m TL (11 yr)	1.10 m TL (11 yr)	Kusher et al. 1992
Sizes at which 10, 50, and 90% are mature			Fig. 12 data in Koster et al. 1992 could be used to determine this.
Estimated age at maturity	10-13 yr	7-10 yr	Kusher et al. 1992
Gestation time	12 months		Kusher et al. 1992
Reproductive cycle	1 year		Kusher et al. 1992
Litter size (# of pups in litter)	7-36		Cortés (2002)
Birth size estimate	25 cm TL		Kusher et al. 1992
Smallest free-swimming	25 cm TL		Kusher et al. 1992
First year growth	9.2 cm TL based on VBGF	10.7 cm TL based on VBGF	Kusher et al. 1992
Von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF)	TLoo = 1.602 m, TLo = 0.290 m (to = - 2.74 yr), k = 0.073 yr-1 (5ln(2)/k = 47.5yr);	TLoo = 1,499m, TLo = 0.248m (to = - 2.03 yr), k = 0.089 yr-1 (5ln(2)/k = 38.9yr);	Kusher et al. 1992
Elasticity estimates based on alpha = 12 yr, Abar = 16.41 yr, and GP = 1.0 yr	E(m) = 1/Abar = 1/16.4 = 0.0610; E(JS)/E(m) = alpha - GP = 12.0,  E(JS) = 0.732; E(AS)/E(m) = Abar - alpha + GP = 4.2, E(AS) = 0.279; Sum Elasticity Ratios = Abar; Sum Elasticiies = 1 + E(m) = 1.061		Mollet 2003 (AES Manaus) Normalized elasticities: E(fertility) = E(m)  = 5.8%; E(juvenile survival) = E(JS) = 68.9%; E(adult sruvival) = E(AS) = 25.3%
Parameter	Female	Male	References

Vital rates needed for demograhic analysis are age-specific mortality rate M (can be estimated from longevity), age-at-first reproduction (alpha = age-at-maturity + gestation period), longevity estimate w (can be estimated from Von Bertalanffy growth curve), and fertility m (number of female pups born per year). The following values were used by Cortés (2002) in a demographics analyses of 39 shark species:
P= 0.53-0.83 ^;
Alpha =10,13,16 triangular distribution;
w = 24 years;
m = ? ,normal distribution, range 7-36, annual reproductive cycle
Results: Lambda = 1.016, Abar = 18.5 yr
Elasticity results for comparison with estimates given above: E(m) = 5.1%; E(JS) = 63.9% (ratio = 12,4); E(AS) = 31.0% (ratio = 6.0).

Cailliet (1992) used a higher age-at-first reproduction of 17 yr, larger survival probabilities M1 = 0.28 yr-1 (P1 = 0.755), M = 0.14 yr-1 (P = 0.869), and fertility increasing with maternal mass. No elasticities were reported but they would have been as follows (using calculated Abar = 21.6 yr and alpha = 17 yr):
E(m) = 4.4%, E(JS) = 70.9%, E(AS) = 24.7%, which are closeto estimates given above to those of Cortés (2002).