References used in creating these pages:

  1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: DSM-IV. (1994) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

  2. Edwards, James. (1985) "Indigenous koro, a genital retraction syndrome of insular Southeast Asia: a critical review" In Simons, Ronald C. and Hughes, Charles C. (eds.) The Culture-Bound Syndromes: folk illnesses of psychiatric and anthropological interest. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Company.

  3. Cheng, Sheung-Tak. "A critical review of Chinese Koro." Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1996 Mar, 20 1: 67-82.

  4. Gwee Ah Leng, (1985) "Koro—a cultural disease" In Simons, Ronald C. and Hughes, Charles C. (eds.) The Culture-Bound Syndromes: folk illnesses of psychiatric and anthropological interest. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Company.

  5. International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10): classification of mental and behavioural disorders. (1992) Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

  6. Kaplan, Harold; Sadock, Benjamin; and Grebb, Jack. (1994) Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry, 7th ed.. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

  7. Kleinman, Arthur. (1986) Social Origins of Stress and Disease: depression, neurasthenia, and pain in modern China. New Haven: Yale University Press.

  8. Kleinman, Arthur. (1988) The Illness Narratives New York: Basic Books.

  9. Kleinman, Arthur, and Lin Tsung-Yi (eds.) (1981) Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Chinese Culture. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Company.

  10. Lim, Russell F., and Lin Keh-Ming. (1996) "Cultural formulation of psychiatric diagnosis: Case No. 03: Psychosis following qi-gong in a Chinese immigrant." Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 20:369-378.

  11. Simons, Ronald C.; and Hughes, Charles C. (eds.) (1985) The Culture-Bound Syndromes: folk illnesses of psychiatric and anthropological interest. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Company.

  12. Wallnöffer; and von Rottauscher, Anna. (1965) Chinese Folk Medicine. Translated by Marion Palmeda. New York: Bell Publishing Company.

  13. Yap, Pow Meng. (1965) "Koro--A culture-bound depersonalization syndrome." British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. III, pp. 45-50.

Bibliography for Culture-Bound Syndromes in China:

  1. General Culture-Bound Syndromes
  2. Shenjing shuaijo (neurasthenia)
  3. Shen-k'uei, (semen loss) and Yin-Excess Syndromes
  4. Shuk yang, suo yang, and koro
  5. Qi-gong psychotic reaction