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- 509 - Foundation of Roman republic
- 508 - reforms of Cleisthenes at Athens
- 506 - Athens defeats Chalcis and Beotians
- 490 - battle of Marathon
- 480 - Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis
- 478 - foundation of the Delian League against Persia
- 474 - Syracuse defeats Etruscans at battle of Cumae
- 461-451 - first Peloponnesian war
- 431-404 - second Peloponnesian war
- 396 - Romans capture Etruscan city of Veii
- 390 - Gauls sack Rome
- 378 - foundation the second Athenian Confederacy
- 366-360 - Satraps' Revolt from Persian King
- 359 - Philip II becomes King of Macedon
- 357 - war between Macedon and Athens; Social War between Athens and members of her confederacy (357-55)
- 340-338 - Latin War - Rome incorporates Latium and Campania
- 338 - Philip defeats Athens & Thebes
- 336-323 - reign of Alexander the Great
- 334 - Alexander crosses into Asia, conquest of Asia Minor.
- 331 - foundation of Alexandria; defeat of Darius at Gaugamela, capture of Mesopotamia, Babylon, Persepolis and Pasargadae.
- 326 - Alexander conquers Punjab, reaches Indian Ocean.
- c325 - Pytheas of Massilia's voyage to Britain
- 311 - division of Alexander's empire; foundation of Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt.
- 310 - Romans advance into Etruria
- 303 - Seleucus cedes Indian territories to Chandragupta, founder of the Mauryan dynasty
- 279 - invasion of Macedon and Greece by Gauls
- 272 - surrender of Tarentum, Roman alliance with southern Italian Greek cities
- 298-290 - Third Samnite war
- 264-241 - First Punic War - Rome gains control of Sicily
- 228 - Rome establishes protectorate over the Illyrian coast
- 219-217 - Fourth Syrian War between Egypt and Seleucid Empire
- 218-201 - Second Punic War - Rome gains colonies in Spain
- 214-205 - first Macedonian War between Rome and Philip V
- 202-191 - Roman conquest of Cisapline Gaul
- 197-133 - wars in Spain
- 167 - defeat of Macedon; Romans order Antiochus IV out of Egypt; Maccabean revolt against Antiochus.
- 149-146 - third Carthaginian War - destruction of Carthage, Africa becomes a Roman province
- 148 - fourth Macedonian war; sack of Corinth. Macedonia becomes a Roman province.
- 141-130 - Parthians attack Seleucid Empire.
- 133 - Pergamum bequeathed to Rome; becomes province of Asia (129)
- 88-63 - Mithridatic wars. Pompey victorious; establishment of provinces of Bithynia, Cilicia, Syria, Crete.
- 82-80 - Dictatorship of Sulla
- 73-71 - slave revolt of Spartacus
- 63 - Consulate of Cicero; Catilinarian conspiracy; Caesar elected pontifex maximus
- 60 - first triumvirate - Pompey, Crassus and Caesar
- 58-49 - Caesar campaigns in Gaul
- 55-53 - Crassus campaigns in the East, killed by the Parthians at the battle of Carrhae.
- 49 - Ceasar crosses the Rubicon
- 47-44 - Dictatorship of Ceasar
- 42 - Republicans defeated at Philippi; Brutus & Cassius commit suicide
- 31 - Octavian defeats Antony at battle of Actium
- 30 - annexation of Egypt by Rome.
- 27 - 'Republic restored'; Octavian given the name 'Augustus'.
Continue to Roman Empire or return to Ancient World.
Key sources:
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Roman World (Boardman, Oxford, 1986)
The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World (Boardman, Oxford, 1986)
The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome (Scarre, Penguin, 1995)
The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek (Cunliffe, Penguin, 2002)
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