(Text Only)

November 2003

Index:

NT—General Barry’s Scrolls Bible Places Kirby’s Writings Martin’s Maps Russell’s History Smith’s Synoptic Tabor’s World NT—Gateways Decker’s Resources Goodacre’s Gateway Huy’s Grammar Marlowe’s Gateway Palmer’s Language Seland’s Resources Textkit’s Tools Wabash Resources Greek—Text Ballard’s GreekNT Biola’s Bible Fisher’s GreekNT Fowler’s Gospels Haggett’s GreekNT

Harley’s Biblon Hurt’s HTMLBible Online Bible Perseus GreekNT Phemister’s Audio Robinson’s GreekNT Greek—Concording Crosswalk Interlinear Olive Tree GreekNT Greek—Grammar Amato’s Grammar Bibb’s Greek Burton’s Moods Cranford’s Greek Dik’s Handouts GreekFlash Pro Haggett’s NTGreek Hahne’s Implications Jones’s VocabWorks Keating’s NTGreek Kihlman’s Wordbase Larsson’s Paidagogos Luper’s Helps

Mastronarde’s Tutorials Mounce’s Teknia Ramey’s NTGreek Robie’s Little Greek Russell’s Introduction Schwandt’s Institute Smelser’s NTGreek Smyth’s Grammar SongLamb NTGreek Twa’s QuickMem West’s Greek Woodward’s Enchiridion Greek—Text/Canon Davis’s Canon Marlowe’s Research Ryland’s Fragment Seid’s Manuscripts Waltz’s Encyclopedia Greek—PalmOS Decker’s Doing Greek Macleod’s MiniFlash Olive Tree BibleReader

New Testament—General Background

Jeff Barry’s Scrolls From the Dead Sea [Index]

http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/deadsea.scrolls.exhibit/intro.html

This is not the famous songwriter by the same name, but associated with the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. The United States Government housed an exhibit of the Dead Sea Scrolls at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., and Barry was asked to provide an Internet website to summarize the exhibit. The links are to Barry’s discussions of various topics that include hyperlinks to maps and scroll images.

Ted Bolen’s Bible Places [Index]

http://www.bibleplaces.com/

Todd Bolen is Associate Professor of Biblical Studies at the Israel Bible Extension of The Master's College, Santa Clarita, CA. He functions in an extension capacity, living and teaching in Israel. He has compiled an extensive photographic database of biblical sites since 1990. Bolen’s website features photographs and descriptions of sites in Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Turkey, and Greece. The focus is on biblical archaeology, geography and history. The goal is to provide better photographs than typical on the web and to include instructive captions to highlight archeological, historical, and geographical details related to each image. Links also are provided to other instructive websites. A full set of these images is offered for sale on CD-ROMs.

Peter Kirby’s Early Christian Writings [Index]

http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/

Useful website, quite extensive in coverage, introducing documents from the first two centuries of the church, including Christian writings in the New Testament, Christian apocrypha, Gnostic writings, and selected Church Fathers.  Basic information on each work is provided with links to online versions of that document, as well as links to other sites with related information on that work, including commentaries—a massive amount of information, or where to find out.

Michael Martin’s New Testament Maps and Artifacts [Index]

http://www.ntimages.com/

This site is maintained by Dr. Michael Martin at Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary. As a result of his extensive travels in Turkey and Greece, Dr. Martin has shared his digital images of various archeological and historical materials. The information helps to illustrate the general New Testament background, Pauline letters, the Book of Revelation, and the background to the Greek language.

Rusty Russell’s Biblical History: Bible Knowledge Accelerator [Index]

http://www.bible-history.com/bka/index.htm

Rusty Russell (a layman; education unknown) has a nicely designed and beautifully illustrated website, Biblical History, in which he offers links and his own material to persuade of the Bible’s accuracy through history and archeology. The site is beautifully presented, with a nice use of graphics, fonts, and layout.

Mahlon Smith’s A Synoptic Gospels Primer [Index]

http://religion.rutgers.edu/nt/primer/

Mahlon Smith is Associate Professor, Department of Religion, Rutgers University. He has produced an “e-textbook” on the Synoptic Problem because of the huge advantage hyperlinks and color coding provide, which would have been cost-prohibitive in print media. Smith covers the history of the literary analysis of the Gospels and provides illustrations using example texts arranged in parallel format for comparison and contrast. The discussion uses Greek (SPIonic font, free download), but Smith also has included an extensive English discussion to make the material accessible to the English only student. The Greek material is based on Nestle-Aland critical editions, while the English uses the RSV because the more literal tendency of that translation helps in this type literary analysis. A “Hyper-Glossary” provides links to “mini-essays” on important topics. Smith favors the two source theory, but is careful to provide links to websites offering countering hypotheses. The web presentation is clean, nicely formatted, and easily navigated. This is an excellent web resource making a technical and complicated discussion accessible and understandable, including hands-on experience with the issues through actual text study.

James Tabor’s The Jewish Roman World of Jesus [Index]

http://www.uncc.edu/jdtabor/index.html

James Tabor is Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and current editor of the Original Bible Project. He has traveled extensively. His beautiful website features four main areas with links: Hellenistic/Roman Religion & Philosophy, Archeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Christian Origins and the New Testament, and Ancient Judaism. The majority of these links are to articles published by Dr. Tabor to the website on that topic, or are the texts of published or soon to be published articles that appear in various publications by Dr. Tabor or in collaboration with others. Some links are to translations of original source material, such as Dittenberger’s Sylloge collection of Greek inscriptions, illustrating the social and religious background of ancient world. This site presents solid work by a respected scholar and is helpful for understanding the New Testament and its background.

New Testament—Gateways and Annotated Links

Rodney Decker’s Resources for New Testament Study [Index]

http://faculty.bbc.edu/RDecker/rd_rsrc.htm

This page is part of a larger website offered by Rodney J. Decker, Associate Professor of New Testament at Baptist Bible Seminary in Clarks Summit, PA. This page is a gateway to other links and resources for New Testament study, organized into the categories of Biblical Language Fonts, Unicode, etc.; Book Reviews & Summaries; Semantics, Exegetical Method, Translation, etc.; NT/Koine Greek Grammar; NT Textual Criticism; LXX and Other non-NT Koine Greek; Biblical Theology and Exegesis; Class-Related Resources; Other Resources; and Grammatical Diagrams. As the multiple categories indicate, Decker’s gateway is an extensive list. This is a good page to check when doing New Testament research.

Mark Goodacre’s The New Testament Gateway (NT Gateway) [Index]

http://ntgateway.com/

This website is the premier portal of links to all things New Testament maintained by Dr. Mark Goodacre, Department of Theology, University of Birmingham. His evaluative comments are helpful and orient the student to each link. The site is quite extensive, quite good, and updated regularly. Major areas with subtopics include: Greek NT Gateway, Bible Translations, Noncanonical, Gospel and Acts, Paul the Apostle, Hebrews to Jude, Book of Revelation, Ancient World, Historical Jesus, Synoptic Problem, Textual Criticism, Women & Gender, Art & Images, Jesus in Film, and Tools and Resources. Always start your search for anything New Testament at this site.

Marc Huy’s Greek Grammar On The Web [Index]

http://perswww.kuleuven.ac.be/~u0013314/greekg/alphabet.htm

This site is sponsored by a Dutch scholar, Marc Huys, who teaches at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium). Dr. Huys has an extensive bibliography in ancient Greek, including an important papyrology finding (. . . “he managed to join an unpublished papyrus fragment acquired by the Brussels Royal Museums for Art and History with another fragment belonging to the Sorbonne collection. The joining of the two fragments permitted him to interpret the text as part of a Hellenistic elegy.”). Dr. Huys has compiled an extensive annotated list with his own evaluations of Greek resources on the Web divided into nine major areas (Greek Fonts, Introductory Courses, Elementary Training, Dictionaries and Lexica, Systematic Grammars, History of the Greek Language, Advanced Study, Reading Ancient Greek Texts, Other Online Resources). This site is an excellent resource for finding quality Greek material on the web. As a European scholar, Dr. Huys includes websites in other languages, such as German, French, and Dutch.

Michael Marlowe’s Bible Research Gateway [Index]

http://www.bible-researcher.com/links.html

Michael Marlowe is a free-lance writer and editor with an early Lutheran and current conservative Baptist heritage. He received an MA at Pittsburg Theological Seminary (Presbyterian) and has taught Bible classes in churches related to the history of the Bible, covering areas such as the transmission of the Greek text, the history of the canon, and the history of English versions. His gateway page is extensive, but with a conservative leaning. For example, he specifically lists at least three links to a defense of the Longer Ending of Mark (16:9–20), but provides no specific links for a defense of the shorter ending for a balanced counterpoint. Implicitly, this shorter-ending defense could be garnished from within some of the other materials in other links, but the quick, hyperlinked accessibility to those arguments is not provided with specific links.

Micheal Palmer’s Greek Language and Linguistics [Index]

http://greek-language.com/index.html

This well-organized and helpful gateway is hosted from Chapel Hill, NC and managed by Micheal Palmer. Before his current position in the Department of Religion and Philosophy at Meredith College in Raleigh, NC, Palmer taught Hellenistic Greek at Bluefield College in Virginia and Classical Greek at North Carolina State University. He is author of Levels of Constituent Structure in New Testament Greek (Peter Lang, 1995).

Categories of the gateway include Bibliographies, Discussion Lists, History, Grammars, Lexical Aids, Manuscripts and Writing, Research, Search, Software and Databases, Survey, and Sites of Related Interests. You will find excellent, scholarly, and useful resources in these links to the study of Classical, Hellenistic, and Modern Greek with a general emphasis on linguistics.

Torrey Seland’s Resource Pages for Biblical Studies [Index]

http://www.torreys.org/bible/

This website is compiled by Torrey Seland, Professor in Biblical Studies at Volda University College in Volda, Norway. The site is clean and nicely implemented. The links are extensive and kept up to date. Seland provides a huge service to the academic community with this site.

Textkit Greek and Latin Learning Tools (Anonymous) [Index]

http://www.textkit.com/new-testament-greek.php

An anonymous website providing a web portal (related links) to learning Greek through downloadable texts. The mission statement from the website is: “Textkit was created to help you learn Greek and Latin. We are a free online learning resource that provides downloadable Greek and Latin grammars and readers. We also provide an extensive and ever growing collection of classical e-books in English, Greek and Latin.”

Wabash Center’s New Testament General Resources [Index]

http://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu/Internet/bible_new.htm

Maintained by the Wabash Center’s Guide to Internet Resources for Teaching and Learning in Theology and Religion, this site provides links to web sites. The basic language link is to Jeff Smelser’s New Testament Greek site.

Greek Language—Greek Text

Peter Ballard’s Greek NT with Parsing Codes [Index]

http://members.ozemail.com.au/~pballard/gnt/index.html

This website was launched in 1997, and was a contribution to the online community at that time. The text was the UBS4, but only transliterated, even though each word was parsed using a standard code. Now that numerous Greek NT texts are available on the web using Greek fonts, with parsing popup windows, this website has lost its original contribution. As the author acknowledges on the website, “My site was pretty cool when I first launched it in 1997-98, but maybe it's time it was retired.”

Biola University’s Unbound Bible [Index]

http://unbound.biola.edu/

Biola’s mission is to provide original texts and Bible translations freely to the nations of the world. The Greek text is available (NA 26/UBS4). You can search for a word or a passage, using English or Greek.

Tony Fisher’s Greek NT [Index]

http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~fisher/gnt/

This website is on a web server hosted by the University of York in the United Kingdom, to which students may post their own web sites. The author stated: “I am a student of New Testament Greek. I am in no sense an expert. I wrote the programs which [sic] implement the interface in order to learn NT Greek better.” The NT Greek text is presented as images (GIF files), which means no Greek font is necessary. Further, recent, technical browser innovations, such as JavaScript, Java, client-side image maps, etc., are not used, making the system fast and browser-friendly to most versions. You may select a passage or search a word. To select a passage, you select a book and chapter. The text is presented as a GIF image. The individual words are hot-linked to a parser. Click on a word, and a parsing information window is displayed for that word. However, no English gloss is provided for the word. One also can search by word. Basic Greek searching is implemented for a given word, as occurring close to another given word, with a given root (base or lemma), or by grammatical category. You can specify a Greek word, but only with Latin transliteration. The Greek text is derived from the parsed and lemmatized Pennsylvania CCAT edition of NA 26, as corrected and expanded by James Tauber, to which this author added his own corrections. We regret to say that the author has passed away since posting this material.

Robert Fowler’s Gospels and Acts [Index]

http://homepages.bw.edu/~rfowler/bible/index.html

Only the Gospels and Acts, this website is a transcription by Robert M. Fowler, who teaches at the Baldwin-Wallace College in Berea, OH. Fowler used the Scholar’s Press SPIonic font (free download). The texts have transcription errors, so must be used with caution and constantly checked against a printed standard edition.

Michael Haggett’s Greek NT Text [Index]

http://website.lineone.net/~ntgreek/f-ind-01.html

Michael Haggert’s site is nicely laid out, but Apple’s Safari browser sometimes will not load the page. He uses a newer Unicode Athena font for the Greek, available for a free download. (The Unicode Cardo font works on Mac OS X.) He provides an online text of the New Testament that he asserts is “substantially similar to the ‘Standard’ text used in both NA27 and UBS4.” What he means, however, by this assertion is not clarified. Thus, the text offered on this site should be checked against the standard texts before implementation in study or research. For further information on Haggett’s site, see the section “Greek Language—Grammar Aids” below.

David Harley’s Biblon 2000 [Index]

http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Biblon/biblon2000.html

The site provides the text of the NT (NA 26), beautifully rendered, although slow to load, with a frame below giving variant readings and supporting witnesses that are interactive with the edited text in the frame above. For example, click on a variant, and that reading is placed in the text above at the point of variation. From the web site: “This project is the work of David Harley, a graduate in Computer Science from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland and currently a student of languages and religion at the University of Queensland in Australia. Its overall aim is to try and make use of some of the newer features of the main web browsers to create an on-line version of the Greek New Testament which will not only be easy to use and have dynamic capabilities, but just as importantly will be a well presented and elegant rendering of this text. To that end this site makes heavy use of Dynamic HTML/Javascript techniques plus HTML 4.0 and Style Sheets features.”

John Hurt’s HTML Bible [Index]

http://www.greeknewtestament.com/index2.htm

John Hurt of Elmwood, TN has provided in HTML format (browser accessible) the Greek NT text in parallel versions (Stephanus 1550, Scrivener 1894, “Byzantine Majority,” and “Alexandrian”), with differences among them marked in bold. Also available are the Latin Vulgate and numerous English versions. Each verse is displayed with all versions vertically distributed. Navigation buttons are numerous and make easy maneuvering through the text, both at the top of a verse display and in a framed vertical window to the left. (One can choose an unframed display as well.) This software can be downloaded and used independently of an Internet connection. Hurt charges a minimal fee for a download. The Hurt site has numerous other biblical texts and software offerings and is worth exploring. The site, unfortunately, does not display properly on a Mac, because of its use of a proprietary Windows 95 Symbol font.

Online Greek Bible [Index]

http://www.greekbible.com/

This site provides the Greek NT text (NA 26, UBS 3rd). You choose the font—Symbol, Images, Athena, Palatino Linotype, All Caps; reason for options provided—then search for a passage. The text comes up, with words hot-linked to a parser, pronunciation, and gloss. This site has a nicer text display and parser window than Fisher’s Greek NT site. However, this site does not do any word, word combination, or grammatical searches as does Fisher’s site. Neither the sponsor of the site nor their mission statement is indicated anywhere on the web site, but you can make a donation through PayPal (!)

Perseus Greek New Testament [Index]

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0155

An amazing site covering a huge range of Greek and Roman literature of the ancient world, along with other areas of art, archeology, and images. The page output can be configured for original languages. The Westcott and Hort Greek text is searchable by passage. Any word in a passage may be clicked on to bring up a parser using Liddell-Scott’s lexicon, and including various statistics regarding that word in Greek literature. (Note: Perseus sometimes takes a while to load.)

Marilyn Phemister’s Greek NT Audio Files [Index]

http://www.audiogreek.0catch.com/

Scroll down to the bottom of the opening page and you will see listed New Testament books by chapter. If you have RealAudio installed (free download) you can click on a chapter, and the spoken Greek will be streamed to your computer. The Greek text is the (free) Westcott-Hort (1881), which is close to the NA26. A CD-ROM is now available of the same files converted to MP3 format. Phemister recognizes that her pronunciation in a few details may vary from that of others, but she attempts to use what is generally regarded as the academic tradition, even though that too has its own disagreements. You do have to get used to the nature of her particular voice and the recording medium itself, which is recorded adequately but not professionally. This acclamation, however, happens within a few minutes of consistent listening, and eventually you are paying attention to her voice less and less and absorbing the Greek more and more. For audio comprehension of spoken Greek, this website is a tremendous service to Greek students.

Maurice Robinson’s Greek NT [Index]

http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/GNT/books.html

The Greek text works with Windows 95 Symbol font only. Maurice Robinson has taken the basic Westcott-Hort 1881 Greek text and provided bracketed material to indicate the NA26 readings in an additional apparatus. Unfortunately, the text is neither searchable nor linked to any parser.

Greek Language—Concording

Crosswalk Interlinear (Anonymous) [Index]

http://bible.crosswalk.com/InterlinearBible/

Provides searchable English Bible texts (KJV, NAS), keyed with Strong’s numbers, for simple concording of word occurrences. Provides list in canonical order of “hit” verses and their content. Tells you where the word is to be found in the TDNT. Greek words include audio files for pronunciation (RealAudio). At least gets one started on a word study, but hardly comprises a full study. Requires their “BST” TrueType fonts to display Greek and Hebrew (free download). The basis of the Hebrew and Greek texts are: (1) Hebrew Text: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, ed. K. Elliger and W. Rudolph (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1967/77). Copyright held by the German Bible Society, in cooperation with the United Bible Societies (UBS).

(2) Greek Text used through permission granted by the “fair use” provisions of the CCAT agreement from the Center For Computer Analysis of Texts, University of Pennsylvania. Derived from N.A. 26.

Olive Tree’s Greek New Testament [Index]

http://www.olivetree.com/bible/index.html

Choose your Greek text and search (Byzantine, 1550, Westcott-Hort, NA26, etc.). You can search for a word or a passage, using English or Greek. The search, however, is not lemma based and is case sensitive (capital letters, accent marks), so your work is cut out for you trying to find all occurrences of a given word. (You have to know how to spell all possible forms of the word, in other words.) You also may use Strong’s numbers.

Greek Language—Grammar

Steve Amato’s Greek Grammar [Index]

http://www.bcbsr.com/greek/grklnk.html?SUBMIT=Greek+Grammar+Menu

This webpage is part of the Boston Christian Bible Study site, run by Steve Amato. Amato is a layman converted in college through the Navigators ministry who has worked among the Chinese for a number of years in the Boston area. Originally, the site aided in this Chinese work, but evolved into general Christian resources. This page is a summary of Wallace’s Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics. Thus, Amato has called the page Greek Grammar, but actually, the material is a stripped-down summary of Wallace’s syntactical observations. The summary is all in English, including the examples. No Greek font, therefore, is needed. Perhaps useful as a quick online reference tool.

Wade Bibb’s Biblical Greek [Index]

http://cc.cumber.edu/acad/biblang/bibgreek/

Part of Cumberland College’s Biblical Language Lab website offering both Hebrew and Greek, the Biblical Greek pages were developed by Dr. Wade Bibb of Carson-Newman College on a grant from the Appalachian College Association. Online assistance is provided on grammatical principles, translation, and writing exegetical papers. The material is decent, but website organization leaves much to be desired. Sometimes the deepest pages offer no navigational buttons whatsoever, leaving the user at the mercy of the browser back button. Further, navigation itself is unclear. Initially, one does not know whether to navigate the site using the top icons or the side icons. This ambiguity is generated by the site’s Home page, which repeats all the top icons on the side, leaving the user with the initial impression that the side icons are completely redundant. However, accessing any other top icon on the Home page (Tutoring Room, Exercises, Grammar, Helps, Resources, Ask A Professor), then the side icons change into links to other pages subordinated to that page. Further, wording within those side icons changes without the icon itself changing, leaving the user somewhat muddled as to what page and what secondary link page currently is active, that is, how far down into the website one has drilled. Additionally, a secondary set of icons on the left, called “Interactive Tools,” always appears under the other side icons on every page. What is this? After a while, one learns that most of these simply are hotlinks to interactive pages accessible on other pages, but buried in the web structure. The two that apparently are not available anywhere else in the website are the “Tense Formation” and the “Participle Function” links, which seem to be independent of any other page on the site (strange). Of the main links at the top of the Home page, one has the Tutoring Room, defunct since July 2002 after three initial posts (“Hey, is this working?”). No navigational buttons are provided to get out of the Tutoring Room. (You have to hit your browser’s back button several times!) The Exercises link is complicated. Hitting this link reveals changed side icons for Practice and Quizzes. Hitting Practice opens another identical page, but with changed side icons (confusing), which link to further identical pages but with changed side icons (very deep into the web structure now!): Pronunciation Practice (Vocabulary and NT Readings, even providing two options on pronunciation of the epsilon-iota diphthong), Parsing (Parsing Flow Chart, Present Active Indicative, Contract Verbs), and Translation (Proper Names, Cognates, Present Active Indicative, Present Middle Indicative, Present Passive Indicative, 2^nd Declension Nouns, Personal Pronouns). Hitting Quizzes accesses links to 24 Grammar quizzes and 9 Vocabulary quizzes. (Not one of these quizzes provide navigational links back up the website structure!) Grammar takes one to Introductions, Infinitives, Participles, Verbs, and Substantives. These are all one-page discussions, text only, except for Introductions, which includes interactive material. The material on writing Greek is the best on the web, uncharacteristically better than anything else on the entire site. These dynamic, Java enhanced files artfully constructed including audio are fabulous. The website is worth this material alone. Helps includes Font Setup, FAQs, and Site Map. The pronunciation files are adequate, but unprofessionally recorded with noise in the background. Resources offers Words Spelled Alike (a list), Songs (traditional hymns sung using Greek words for the text), Presentations (simply two PowerPoint presentations on verbs which have no graphics, only text), Links (a portal to other Greek sites around the web), Handouts (pdf documents), Glossary, and Bibliography. Ask A Professor simply takes one to e-mail. The bottom side icons on the left, previously mentioned above, are hotlinks to Writing Greek, Tense Formation (nicely done, color coded, with popup action connected to cursor movement), Audio Files, Quizzes, Verb Parsing, and Participle Formation. Below is an example of the Tense Formation page.

Ernest De Witt Burton’s Moods and Tenses of New Testament Greek [Index]

http://www.dabar.org/BurtonMoodsTenses/M-t-1.html

This is the full text of Burton’s classic study of moods and tenses. This online resource is a valuable aid for exploration of Greek verbs. The information should be updated by contemporary studies, such as those by Carl Conrad, Bruce Fanning, Kenneth McKay, Stanley Porter, and Daniel Wallace.

Lorin Cranford’s Greek 101 [Index]

http://www.cranfordville.com/G101frame.htm

This page by Lorin Cranford provides links to course materials supplementing the study of Greek at Gardner-Webb University. The various materials come either in HTML format or Adobe Acrobat format. Content includes areas such as conjugation tables, rules for accenting Greek verbs, or guidelines for parsing.

Helma Dik’s Verb Paradigm Handouts [Index]

http://humanities.uchicago.edu/depts/classics/People/Faculty/helmadik/index.html

Helma Dik is Assistant Professor of Classical Languages and Literature at the University of Chicago. She has provided grammar paradigms in landscape format as downloadable pdf files.

Paradigm Software’s GreekFlash Pro 2.0 for Win 95/98 [Index]

http://www.paradigm-sw.com/

Paradigm Software is based in Portland, OR. This Windows (only) flashcard program for reviewing Greek vocabulary is nicely done with a pleasing interface. Vocabulary sets for Mounce, Trenchard, and Cullen and Story (Greek To Me) are available, as well as audio pronunciation. The audio is nicely recorded and uses standard academic pronunciation. The drills are customizable. You will need to install the greekfp.ttf font for the Greek to display properly (free download from the Paradigm site). A thirty-day trial version is available.

Michael Haggett’s New Testament Greek [Index]

http://website.lineone.net/~ntgreek/f-ind-01.html

Michael Haggert’s site is nicely laid out, but Apple’s Safari browser sometimes does not load the page. He uses a newer Unicode Athena font for the Greek, available for a free download. (The Unicode Cardo font works on Mac OS X.) Besides providing a Greek text (see above, “Greek Language—Greek Text”), Haggett also provides a simple online introduction to New Testament Greek grammar. The online grammar, however, is only partial in its coverage. (The full grammar is available for sale on CD-ROM. Using the CD-ROM on the basis of a standard web browser, one is not tied to an Internet connection to access the material.) Unfortunately, Haggett’s approach in dropping accents, smooth breathing, and iota subscript in his presentation is idiosyncratic. D. F. Hudson pioneered this approach, which was used in J. W. Wenham’s grammar, The Elements of New Testament Greek. Still, Haggett’s approach will be confusing to many students of New Testament Greek, whose instructors generally will be using the standard method that includes these marks. This idiosyncratic approach is unfortunate and illogical, since Haggett’s intention by going online, apparently, was to access the broadest range of audience. Taking an idiosyncratic approach when trying to access a common denominator venue (Internet) simply seems at odds and ill conceived in scope and purpose.

Harry Hahne’s “Interpretive Implications of Using Bible-Search Software for New Testament Grammatical Analysis” [Index]

http://www-writing.berkeley.edu/chorus/bible/essays/ntgram.html

Harry Hahne is Associate Professor of New Testament at Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary, Scottsdale, AZ campus. Along with his teaching experience, Hahne also has extensive experience in computers and writing computer software. He presented a penetrating analysis of the promise and limitations of using Bible search software in this paper presented at the annual meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society in 1994 and subsequently posted to the web. Some of the material could be updated now, but, in the main, the issues noted still are with us. Students should be familiar with the inherent limitations of all software, regardless of advertising claims regarding accuracy. This article should be required reading for anyone who uses Bible search software.

Karl R. B. Jones’s VocabWorks [Index]

http://www.aireville.fsnet.co.uk/vocabworks/index.htm

An innovative, sophisticated vocabulary flashcard system, Windows only, by Karl R. B. Jones, parish administrator of St. Marks Church, Utley, UK. Mr. Jones has incorporated testing filters to set up each test, along with creative, multiple methods of testing (standard, scrolling, multiple choice, matching, pictorial prompt). Pre-made sets already are available for some existing Greek grammars (Wenham, Dobson, Mounce), with others promised. Users can customize their own vocabulary sets. Greek is not the only language offered either. Hebrew, Aramaic, and other languages can be set up with this system. This program perhaps is the most flexible, versatile software available on the net for vocabulary review, and freeware to boot!

Cory Keating’s Learning New Testament Greek [Index]

http://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/grkindex.htm

Run by Corey Keating, this website is a basic grammar introduction that is text only with a heavy English orientation—no graphics, no images, no tables, no Greek New Testament examples. (Examples are given in English translation only!) Three frames present the online material in one window. The left frame is the navigational outline. The top frame is the main discussion. The bottom frame displays hyperlinks from the main top frame, giving definitions, brief explanations of grammatical concepts, etc. The discussion is in three parts. Part One, “Introductory Items and English Grammar,” covers: Introduction, Inflection in the Greek Language, Essential Grammatical Terms, and Translating Greek—English Translations. Part Two, “Greek Grammar—Shorter Explanations,” covers: Verbs, Nouns, Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs, and Miscellaneous items. Part Three, “More Detailed Explanation of Greek Grammar,” covers: Participles, Conditional Sentences, Advanced Explanation of Greek Tenses—Kind of Action & Time of Action, Syntactical Classifications of Nouns, Verbs, and Participles, Advanced Discussion of the Subjunctive Mood—Used in Context, and Advanced Use of Greek Adjectives. What little bit of Greek actually occurs requires Mounce’s TekniaGreek font (free download). Downloadable pdf files give some tables summarizing some grammar, but mostly these are simply adaptations taken from Wallace’s Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics.

Dag Kihlman’s Wordbase Greek [Index]

http://www.algonet.se/~kihlman/greek.html

Dag Kihlman has written a Windows-only program for vocabulary and grammar review using a flashcard system. The glossary has 1450 words, the dictionary 2600. A traditional “Hangman” game also is provided. Not as sophisticated or elaborate as Karl R. B. Jones’s VocabWorks, but certainly serviceable.

Tony Larsson’s Paidagogos—The First Taste of Greek [Index]

http://www.cling.gu.se/~cl8tlars/greek/ped/PedEng.html

This interactive website deals with the Greek alphabet only, but is well done. Tony Larsson has written a nice interactive introduction to the Greek alphabet using a transliteration paradigm and scoring right and wrong answers until a perfect performance allows one to progress to the next level up to the tenth and final level.

Michael Luper’s Greek Helps [Index]

http://home.eclions.net/greek/helps.htm

Michael Luper teaches at Emmanuel College in Franklin Springs, GA. He has used a feature of the old Corel Presentations to transform his in-class grammar presentations for web delivery in a small 320x240 pixel format. Vocabulary reviews in this presentation format are available. He also has provided a link to Helma Dik’s paradigms in pdf format for free download. Luper’s class material is based upon Mounce’s grammar.

Donald Mastronarde’s Ancient Greek Tutorials [Index]

http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ancgreek/ancient_greek_start.html

The Ancient Greek Tutorial site is sponsored by the highly respected Department of Classics at the University of California, Berkeley. The project itself is the work of Professor Donald Mastronarde and the Berkeley Language Center. A CD-ROM of the site is available for both Windows and Mac. The material is based on Mastronarde’s textbook, Introduction to Attic Greek (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993). While based on Attic Greek, the material is still very helpful for New Testament Greek. The exercises are interactive and cleanly presented, and the paradigms particularly are well done and easily accessible. One can practice in multiple areas, not just vocabulary, including pronunciation, accentuation, principal parts, vocabulary, verb drills, and noun drills. This site is very good for overall review of Greek grammar and vocabulary.

Bill Mounce’s Teknia Language Tools [Index]

http://www.teknia.com/software/index.html

Bill Mounce’s popular tools for vocabulary review and verb parsing, based upon his grammar text, available for both Windows and Mac. Very clean, well-designed, and flexible, although the vocabulary sets are hard-wired to Mounce’s own grammar and cannot be customized to create new sets.

William Ramey’s Learn NT Greek [Index]

http://www.inthebeginning.org/

This link is to a Greek grammar course in the process of development offered for free online as a part of the elaborate site, InTheBeginning.org, sponsored by two Dallas Theological Seminary graduates, William Ramey and John Sweigart. (Although both use “Dr.” in front of their names on the website, these doctorates are honorary only and not from academic institutions. Ramey, in fact, is an installer of fire extinguishers for Grinnel Fire Protection Services. Sweigart is a Presbyterian pastor serving in Arkansas. Yet, while not actual academicians, their Greek material is solid.) The Greek lessons so far cover the alphabet, phonology, first and second declension nouns, and noun accent. All lessons, exercises, and answer keys are downloadable pdf files. The website is very nicely laid out, user-friendly, easily navigated, and the pdf files are excellent, cleanly formatted, and quite useable. The animated alphabet files with pronunciation particularly are nicely done (see http://www.inthebeginning.org/ntgreek/alphabet/alpha.htm). Adobe Reader 6.0 and an active connection to the Internet are required to access audio links in the pdf files. The audio is encoded as MP3 files and requires RealAudio or other MP3 player. The SPIonic Greek font is required to view the Greek properly (free download).

Jonathan Robie’s Little Greek 101: Learning New Testament Greek [Index]

http://www.ibiblio.org/koine/greek/lessons/

Part of a larger website maintained by Jonathan Robie, this Greek grammar tutorial is incomplete, having lessons only on the alphabet, present active indicative verb, pronouns (2 lessons), articles and nouns, and “to be,” and use of the article. The overall web look is rather rudimentary and unaesthetic, with some fonts severely pixilated, but the basic content is at least a beginning exploration of Greek grammar. His “Flashcard Gizmo” provides interactive feedback online using a flashcard-like paradigm to drill vocabulary and grammar as one proceeds through the tutorial. Robie also helps run the B-Greek mailing list and discussion board, a very active and dynamic discussion of Greek and the New Testament.

Rusty Russell’s Introduction to New Testament Greek [Index]

http://www.bible-history.com/bka/bka38.htm

Rusty Russell, along with James Darden, has attempted to provide an Introduction to New Testament Greek on his Bible History website (see the section, “New Testament,” above). The Windows (only) program has mostly text with minimal graphics, poorly done, unlike the website itself, so is a real disappointment. The program’s purpose is quite limited too: meant simply to aid the layperson in following a pastor’s comments from the pulpit or to recognize a Greek word in a commentary. All that is covered is the initial material of a typical chapter one: Pronunciation, Vowels, Diphthongs, Consonants, Breathing Marks, Accent Marks, and Punctuation. Not worth the effort. One hardly can trust the Greek when the English is not even correct (e.g., this sentence: “This means you may not be able to find a word in the lexicon because your looking at one of its many forms in the New Testament.”)

John Schwandt’s The Institute of Biblical Greek [Index]

http://www.biblicalgreek.org/

This site is maintained by John Schwandt. Mr. Schwandt earned his M.A. from Westminster Theological Seminary in California and now teaches as a Fellow of Classical Languages at New St. Andrews College in Moscow, ID. The college is affiliated with the Confederation of Reformed Evangelicals and stands in the Reformed and Presbyterian tradition. Mr. Schwandt’s site is artfully done and offers links to various materials and programs he has developed, including the National Biblical Greek Exam, Recommended Books, Online Resources (Links), Forums, the Areté Online Academy, and Greek In A Week. The National Biblical Greek Exam is a standardized Greek competency exam developed by Mr. Schwandt that includes national rankings of results. The Areté Online Academy is tutored by Mr. Schwandt, requires online registration, and includes tuition fees. The Greek in A Week is a workshop Mr. Schwandt has developed that is offered in a few restricted localities for a quick review of Greek for those wishing to maintain their facility in the language.

Jeff Smelser’s New Testament Greek [Index]

http://www.ntgreek.net

Jeff Smelser is pastor of Centreville Church of Christ in the northern Virginia side of the metro Washington DC area. His Greek training came during his time at Florida College, which he has maintained on his own during his ministry. Out of his background of helping laypersons in Bible classes and other settings learn Greek in order to dig more deeply into Scripture, Smelser created an online course, now up to 18 lessons (completed?), divided into two sets of 9 lessons each, based on the grammar by James A. Hewett (New Testament Greek: A Beginning and Intermediate Grammar, Hendrickson, 1986). You may browse and learn online, or you may register officially (for a fee) and receive e-mail feedback from a course tutor and obtain course credit in any of four sessions (fall, winter, spring, or summer) with prescribed dates. This course requires the SGreek font from Silver Mountain Software (shareware). Each lesson has an assignment with a link in order to e-mail in (for registered users). The assignments include audio files for pronouncing vocabulary (satisfactory, but occasional breathiness overdriving the mic and slightly distorting the sound is distracting). Assignments also include an online vocabulary drill with flashcards including audio, nicely done. Some parts of some assignments refer the student to the Hewett grammar for completion. On occasion, some grammar discussion, such as on adverbs, simply asks the student to read Hewett’s grammar. After assignments have been returned with corrections and annotations, the student takes a quiz (usually multiple choice) and sends in the result for scoring and comments. This site is a comprehensive effort, well done, nicely formatted, easily navigated, and a fine contribution to web Greek.

Herbert Weir Smyth’s A Greek Grammar for Colleges (Perseus) [Index]

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0007&layout=&loc=1&query=toc

This is the full text of Smyth’s classic handbook reference grammar on Classical Greek. The coverage is extensive, accurate, and sufficient to answer even detailed questions about Greek grammar. Because of the overall similarities between Classical and Hellenistic Greek, this grammar is a tremendous online resource for Greek grammar in general. (Note: Perseus sometimes takes a while to load.)

“Song of the Lamb” New Testament Greek (Anonymous) [Index]

http://www.songofthelamb.com/

An anonymous website simply identified in the header as “Song of the Lamb” that provides an interactive drill and practice covering the four major areas of Vocabulary, luvw, Nouns, and Participles. Nice drills, user-friendly, with checkbox-style parsing for the verbs and nouns and helpful feedback that increases in amount of information given according to the number of attempts made to get each exercise correctly. Based on Mounce’s grammar.

Darren Twa’s QuickMem Greek 3.0 [Index]

http://www.headthirst.com/greek.shtml

A traditional vocabulary flashcard system, Windows only, based upon the Metzger lists of words occurring 10 or more times in the New Testament (Lexical Aids for Students of New Testament Greek) by Headthirst Software from Darren Twa. Customized sets of cards can be created. An announced new program, QuickMem Server promises to make the flashcard system available on other platforms (Mac OS X, Linux, etc.). QuickMem is freeware, but a small donation is encouraged.

Jim West’s Elementary Greek [Index]

http://www.theology.edu/greek01.htm

Dr. Jim West has provided an online grammar, which, while complete in total number of lessons (31), is so stripped-down and brief in its explanations and exercises as to be almost a lame duck that hardly can fly for the beginning Greek student. Further, no New Testament examples of any grammatical concepts or discussion are given. For example, all that is given for the aorist passive is a conjugation table with three English sentences, one before the table saying, “The aorist passive of luvw is:”, and the second after the table explaining that this construction has an augment and passive suffix; the third sentence is an “assignment” saying simply to memorize the table! Then the entire lesson “assignment” is to translate only two short Greek sentences! That’s the entire “lesson” on the Greek aorist passive! Another quibble is the aesthetics: the fonts overall are so small that the page is hard to read on a high-resolution screen. Requires the SPIonic font (free download).

Woodward and Pagos’s Enchiridion [Index]

http://kwoodward.net/greek/template/xample13.htm

This site is meant to be a “user-friendly guide for reading ancient Greek” by Elaine Woodward and Marianne Pagos. The online material actually is the full text of a 1994 publication by the same name posted as scanned images of each page. The scans are not particularly well done, with most of the images being somewhat fuzzy along the edges of text. (Scanned images means text does not wrap when the window is resized.) Two rudimentary frames present the navigation of the chapters in the left frame and the text content in the larger right frame, with a single “next” navigation arrow at the bottom of each page (getting back to any previous page requires using your browser button, as long as you did not branch out to another page in the middle of a sequence). One could quibble with the “user-friendly” claim when something as simple as navigation buttons are in scarce supply. The material certainly is useable, but we register a mild caution: always check the information given with a current, standard grammar (e.g., this generalizing statement on translating Greek infinitives: “In most cases infinitives are translated with ‘to’ or ‘to be’”—not a word about infinitive constructs).

Greek Language—Text and Canon

Glenn Davis’s The Development of the Canon of the New Testament [Index]

http://www.ntcanon.org/

An abiding interest in the history of the development of the NT canon was spurred by two Bible classes Glenn Davis took at De Anza College, Cupertino, CA. Feeling that this fascinating story was not as widely and easily available to the general public as could be desired, Davis created this hyperlinked website. Davis wants to present the process in which Christians “selected certain writings as authoritative and separated them from a larger body of early Christian literature.”

Michael Marlowe’s Bible Research [Index]

http://www.bible-researcher.com/index.html

For Marlowe’s background, see “New Testament—Gateways and Annotated Links” above. He thought his Bible study material on text and canon would be helpful to others, so he has created an extensive website with articles he has written, but including articles from scholars. The material is hyperlinked to various terms and other helpful references to aid the comprehension of the topic discussed.

John Rylands Fragment [Index]

http://rylibweb.man.ac.uk/data1/dg/text/fragment.htm

The John Rylands University Library of Manchester has posted quality images of its famous manuscript fragment, ∏52, the earliest copy of any portion of the New Testament. The text represents Jn. 18:31–38 and dates somewhere from A.D. 100–150. Thus, this copy potentially could be as close as fifty years from the original. The site provides links to high quality, large image files and a discussion of the find and its significance.

Timothy Seid’s Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts [Index]

http://www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/interp_mss.html

This site on basic elements of textual criticism with illustrative images was originally a Hypercard application (Macintosh) developed by Dr. Timothy Seid at Brown University. Dr. Seid, now Associate Dean of Distributed Learning at Earlham School of Religion (a Quaker seminary of Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana) converted the material into a website with linked information pages. How to navigate the site is not immediately obvious. On the initial welcome page, you already are in the first step of what is meant to be a linear sequence of pages. The small images arranged in a row at the top of the page are meant to be active icons that the user is to click in sequence left to right to move through the web pages of the discussion on the study of Greek manuscripts. With no key words indicating the nature of each icon, and the intended meaning of the icons not intuitively obvious, or even that they are hyperlinked, this system leaves something to be desired in website design and implementation. Another complaint is that a number of the full manuscript images have not been downsized and optimized for web delivery, so are slow to load. (I imagine with a dial-up modem, intolerable.) However, once over these initial usability hurdles, the site is uncomplicated and educational. The icons at the top of the page represent, in order left to right: Welcome, Paleography, Manuscript Transmission, Modern Critical Text, Exercise in Textual Criticism, Glossary, Index (of the website), and Table of Greek Manuscripts. Each icon takes you to a page discussing that topic. Within each page, various terms are hyperlinked for further discussion. All discussion is mostly English, referring to the Greek only minimally, so can be comprehended by non-Greek students. Most delightful is the brilliant “Exercise in Textual Criticism” page. This page uses an English text written in continuous capital letters and no punctuation (as ancient manuscripts were produced), from which copies were made. The student is to compare these copies, innovatively named for states (“Codex Rhode Island,” etc., similar to ancient manuscripts being named for cities or places), and determine their inherent relationships using standard principles of textual criticism. Well done.

Robert Waltz’s Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism [Index]

http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/

Waltz is not a textual critic nor an academic but a highly motivated individual who has taken the idea of a possible publication project conceived by Rich Elliott of Simon Greenleaf University (The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism) and transformed that publication idea into his own website of the exact same name (getting the award for the poorest named website). The website is organized into an alphabetical listing of over 160 topics (if I counted correctly!). These topics are discussed by Waltz. Recurring textual criticism vocabulary and ideas are hyperlinked in each article to definitions and discussions of those terms. Some images are available. A number of people apparently have contributed suggestions to Waltz for the site, as he indicates at the bottom of his home page, including Michael Holmes. I would suppose this is the Michael Holmes who is the distinguished Professor of Biblical Studies and Early Christianity at Bethel College, St. Paul MN.

Greek Language—Palm OS/Pocket PC

Rodney Decker’s “Doing Greek” on a PalmOS Hand Held Computer [Index]

http://faculty.bbc.edu/RDecker/palm.htm

This page is part of Decker’s larger website that also includes a gateway of links to resources for New Testament study (see above). Decker has been using handhelds for several years and discusses his experience with using Greek language applications on the Palm OS platform, both advantages and limitations. His comments are helpful in giving a general orientation related to accessing Greek for the “mini’ crowd. A good first place to start if you have never owned a handheld and are considering one with the express purpose of “doing Greek.”

Jamie Macleod’s MiniFlash [Index]

http://www.telusplanet.net/public/spaw/

Jamie Macleod has provided a Palm OS (3.3 to 5.1) Greek and Hebrew flash card system. He also has added Latin and Aramaic. The Greek uses Mounce’s Teknia Greek font mappings. The Greek has full diacriticals and the Hebrew has vowel pointings. The program even is customizable: you can add your own new Greek words or even change the glosses to words. Very nice. The software is available at Macleod’s SouthPaw Solutions website.

Olive Tree’s BibleReader with Text Modules [Index]

http://www.olivetree.com/handheld/Palm/PalmBible.html

BibleReader is Olive Tree’s basic software engine that runs various Bible texts and software for Palm or Pocket PC. Of these are included Gramcord’s Gramcord Lite, which includes Greek parsing and a Greek dictionary. Olive Tree offers a Greek NT (NA27) with all accents and diacriticals, the LXX, and the Hebrew Masoretic text with vowel pointing, along with other Greek texts and numerous English translations. While one cannot do extensive tagged, grammatical research, as in a full-blown computer version, the basic Greek text with parsing and dictionary will prove quite useful for on-the-go reference. Eerdmans Bible Dictionary also is now available. (Note: Gramcord Lite currently is incompatible with the new Treo 600.)