This webpage is part of the Boston Christian Bible Study site, run by Steve Amato. Amato is a layman converted in college through the Navigators ministry who has worked among the Chinese for a number of years in the Boston area. Originally, the site aided in this Chinese work, but evolved into general Christian resources. This page is a summary of Wallace’s Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics. Thus, Amato has called the page Greek Grammar, but actually, the material is a stripped-down summary of Wallace’s syntactical observations. The summary is all in English, including the examples. No Greek font, therefore, is needed. Perhaps useful as a quick online reference tool.

Wade Bibb’s Biblical Greek [Index] [Home]

http://cc.cumber.edu/acad/biblang/bibgreek/

Part of Cumberland College’s Biblical Language Lab website offering both Hebrew and Greek, the Biblical Greek pages were developed by Dr. Wade Bibb of Carson-Newman College on a grant from the Appalachian College Association. Online assistance is provided on grammatical principles, translation, and writing exegetical papers. The material is decent, but website organization leaves much to be desired. Sometimes the deepest pages offer no navigational buttons whatsoever, leaving the user at the mercy of the browser back button. Further, navigation itself is unclear. Initially, one does not know whether to navigate the site using the top icons or the side icons. This ambiguity is generated by the site’s Home page, which repeats all the top icons on the side, leaving the user with the initial impression that the side icons are completely redundant. However, accessing any other top icon on the Home page (Tutoring Room, Exercises, Grammar, Helps, Resources, Ask A Professor), then the side icons change into links to other pages subordinated to that page. Further, wording within those side icons changes without the icon itself changing, leaving the user somewhat muddled as to what page and what secondary link page currently is active, that is, how far down into the website one has drilled. Additionally, a secondary set of icons on the left, called “Interactive Tools,” always appears under the other side icons on every page. What is this? After a while, one learns that most of these simply are hotlinks to interactive pages accessible on other pages, but buried in the web structure. The two that apparently are not available anywhere else in the website are the “Tense Formation” and the “Participle Function” links, which seem to be independent of any other page on the site (strange).

Of the main links at the top of the Home page, one has the Tutoring Room, defunct since July 2002 after three initial posts (“Hey, is this working?”). No navigational buttons are provided to get out of the Tutoring Room. (You have to hit your browser’s back button several times!) The Exercises link is complicated. Hitting this link reveals changed side icons for Practice and Quizzes. Hitting Practice opens another identical page, but with changed side icons (confusing), which link to further identical pages but with changed side icons (very deep into the web structure now!): Pronunciation Practice (Vocabulary and NT Readings, even providing two options on pronunciation of the epsilon-iota diphthong), Parsing (Parsing Flow Chart, Present Active Indicative, Contract Verbs), and Translation (Proper Names, Cognates, Present Active Indicative, Present Middle Indicative, Present Passive Indicative, 2^nd Declension Nouns, Personal Pronouns). Hitting Quizzes accesses links to 24 Grammar quizzes and 9 Vocabulary quizzes. (Not one of these quizzes provide navigational links back up the website structure!) Grammar takes one to Introductions, Infinitives, Participles, Verbs, and Substantives. These are all one-page discussions, text only, except for Introductions, which includes interactive material. The material on writing Greek is the best on the web, uncharacteristically better than anything else on the entire site. These dynamic, Java enhanced files artfully constructed including audio are fabulous. The website is worth this material alone.

Helps includes Font Setup, FAQs, and Site Map. The pronunciation files are adequate, but unprofessionally recorded with noise in the background. Resources offers Words Spelled Alike (a list), Songs (traditional hymns sung using Greek words for the text), Presentations (simply two PowerPoint presentations on verbs which have no graphics, only text), Links (a portal to other Greek sites around the web), Handouts (pdf documents), Glossary, and Bibliography. Ask A Professor simply takes one to e-mail. The bottom side icons on the left, previously mentioned above, are hotlinks to Writing Greek, Tense Formation (nicely done, color coded, with popup action connected to cursor movement), Audio Files, Quizzes, Verb Parsing, and Participle Formation. Below is an example of the Tense Formation page.

Ernest De Witt Burton’s Moods and Tenses of New Testament Greek [Index] [Home]

http://www.dabar.org/BurtonMoodsTenses/M-t-1.html

This is the full text of Burton’s classic study of moods and tenses. This online resource is a valuable aid for exploration of Greek verbs. The information should be updated by contemporary studies, such as those by Carl Conrad, Bruce Fanning, Kenneth McKay, Stanley Porter, and Daniel Wallace.

Lorin Cranford’s Greek 101 [Index] [Home]

http://www.cranfordville.com/G101frame.htm

This page by Lorin Cranford provides links to course materials supplementing the study of Greek at Gardner-Webb University. The various materials come either in HTML format or Adobe Acrobat format. Content includes areas such as conjugation tables, rules for accenting Greek verbs, or guidelines for parsing.

Helma Dik’s Verb Paradigm Handouts [Index] [Home]

http://humanities.uchicago.edu/depts/classics/People/Faculty/helmadik/index.html

Helma Dik is Assistant Professor of Classical Languages and Literature at the University of Chicago. She has provided grammar paradigms in landscape format as downloadable pdf files.

Paradigm Software’s GreekFlash Pro 2.0 for Win 95/98 [Index] [Home]

http://www.paradigm-sw.com/

Paradigm Software is based in Portland, OR. This Windows (only) flashcard program for reviewing Greek vocabulary is nicely done with a pleasing interface. Vocabulary sets for Mounce, Trenchard, and Cullen and Story (Greek To Me) are available, as well as audio pronunciation. The audio is nicely recorded and uses standard academic pronunciation. The drills are customizable. You will need to install the greekfp.ttf font for the Greek to display properly (free download from the Paradigm site). A thirty-day trial version is available.

Michael Haggett’s New Testament Greek [Index] [Home]

http://website.lineone.net/~ntgreek/f-ind-01.html

Michael Haggert’s site is nicely laid out, but Apple’s Safari browser sometimes does not load the page. He uses a newer Unicode Athena font for the Greek, available for a free download. (The Unicode Cardo font works on Mac OS X.) Besides providing a Greek text (see above, “Greek Language—Greek Text”), Haggett also provides a simple online introduction to New Testament Greek grammar. The online grammar, however, is only partial in its coverage. (The full grammar is available for sale on CD-ROM. Using the CD-ROM on the basis of a standard web browser, one is not tied to an Internet connection to access the material.) Unfortunately, Haggett’s approach in dropping accents, smooth breathing, and iota subscript in his presentation is idiosyncratic. D. F. Hudson pioneered this approach, which was used in J. W. Wenham’s grammar, The Elements of New Testament Greek. Still, Haggett’s approach will be confusing to many students of New Testament Greek, whose instructors generally will be using the standard method that includes these marks. This idiosyncratic approach is unfortunate and illogical, since Haggett’s intention by going online, apparently, was to access the broadest range of audience. Taking an idiosyncratic approach when trying to access a common denominator venue (Internet) simply seems at odds and ill conceived in scope and purpose.

Harry Hahne’s “Interpretive Implications of Using Bible-Search Software for New Testament Grammatical Analysis” [Index] [Home]

http://www-writing.berkeley.edu/chorus/bible/essays/ntgram.html

Harry Hahne is Associate Professor of New Testament at Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary, Scottsdale, AZ campus. Along with his teaching experience, Hahne also has extensive experience in computers and writing computer software. He presented a penetrating analysis of the promise and limitations of using Bible search software in this paper presented at the annual meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society in 1994 and subsequently posted to the web. Some of the material could be updated now, but, in the main, the issues noted still are with us. Students should be familiar with the inherent limitations of all software, regardless of advertising claims regarding accuracy. This article should be required reading for anyone who uses Bible search software.

Karl R. B. Jones’s VocabWorks [Index] [Home]

http://www.aireville.fsnet.co.uk/vocabworks/index.htm

An innovative, sophisticated vocabulary flashcard system, Windows only, by Karl R. B. Jones, parish administrator of St. Marks Church, Utley, UK. Mr. Jones has incorporated testing filters to set up each test, along with creative, multiple methods of testing (standard, scrolling, multiple choice, matching, pictorial prompt). Pre-made sets already are available for some existing Greek grammars (Wenham, Dobson, Mounce), with others promised. Users can customize their own vocabulary sets. Greek is not the only language offered either. Hebrew, Aramaic, and other languages can be set up with this system. This program perhaps is the most flexible, versatile software available on the net for vocabulary review, and freeware to boot!

Cory Keating’s Learning New Testament Greek [Index] [Home]

http://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/grkindex.htm

Run by Corey Keating, this website is a basic grammar introduction that is text only with a heavy English orientation—no graphics, no images, no tables, no Greek New Testament examples. (Examples are given in English translation only!) Three frames present the online material in one window. The left frame is the navigational outline. The top frame is the main discussion. The bottom frame displays hyperlinks from the main top frame, giving definitions, brief explanations of grammatical concepts, etc. The discussion is in three parts. Part One, “Introductory Items and English Grammar,” covers: Introduction, Inflection in the Greek Language, Essential Grammatical Terms, and Translating Greek—English Translations. Part Two, “Greek Grammar—Shorter Explanations,” covers: Verbs, Nouns, Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs, and Miscellaneous items. Part Three, “More Detailed Explanation of Greek Grammar,” covers: Participles, Conditional Sentences, Advanced Explanation of Greek Tenses—Kind of Action & Time of Action, Syntactical Classifications of Nouns, Verbs, and Participles, Advanced Discussion of the Subjunctive Mood—Used in Context, and Advanced Use of Greek Adjectives. What little bit of Greek actually occurs requires Mounce’s TekniaGreek font (free download). Downloadable pdf files give some tables summarizing some grammar, but mostly these are simply adaptations taken from Wallace’s Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics.

Dag Kihlman’s Wordbase Greek [Index] [Home]

http://www.algonet.se/~kihlman/greek.html

Dag Kihlman has written a Windows-only program for vocabulary and grammar review using a flashcard system. The glossary has 1450 words, the dictionary 2600. A traditional “Hangman” game also is provided. Not as sophisticated or elaborate as Karl R. B. Jones’s VocabWorks, but certainly serviceable.

Tony Larsson’s Paidagogos—The First Taste of Greek [Index] [Home]

http://www.cling.gu.se/~cl8tlars/greek/ped/PedEng.html

This interactive website deals with the Greek alphabet only, but is well done. Tony Larsson has written a nice interactive introduction to the Greek alphabet using a transliteration paradigm and scoring right and wrong answers until a perfect performance allows one to progress to the next level up to the tenth and final level.

Michael Luper’s Greek Helps [Index] [Home]

http://home.eclions.net/greek/helps.htm

Michael Luper teaches at Emmanuel College in Franklin Springs, GA. He has used a feature of the old Corel Presentations to transform his in-class grammar presentations for web delivery in a small 320x240 pixel format. Vocabulary reviews in this presentation format are available. He also has provided a link to Helma Dik’s paradigms in pdf format for free download. Luper’s class material is based upon Mounce’s grammar.

Donald Mastronarde’s Ancient Greek Tutorials [Index] [Home]

http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ancgreek/ancient_greek_start.html

The Ancient Greek Tutorial site is sponsored by the highly respected Department of Classics at the University of California, Berkeley. The project itself is the work of Professor Donald Mastronarde and the Berkeley Language Center. A CD-ROM of the site is available for both Windows and Mac. The material is based on Mastronarde’s textbook, Introduction to Attic Greek (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993). While based on Attic Greek, the material is still very helpful for New Testament Greek. The exercises are interactive and cleanly presented, and the paradigms particularly are well done and easily accessible. One can practice in multiple areas, not just vocabulary, including pronunciation, accentuation, principal parts, vocabulary, verb drills, and noun drills. This site is very good for overall review of Greek grammar and vocabulary.

Bill Mounce’s Teknia Language Tools [Index] [Home]

http://www.teknia.com/software/index.html

Bill Mounce’s popular tools for vocabulary review and verb parsing, based upon his grammar text, available for both Windows and Mac. Very clean, well-designed, and flexible, although the vocabulary sets are hard-wired to Mounce’s own grammar and cannot be customized to create new sets.

William Ramey’s Learn NT Greek [Index] [Home]

http://www.inthebeginning.org/

This link is to a Greek grammar course in the process of development offered for free online as a part of the elaborate site, InTheBeginning.org, sponsored by two Dallas Theological Seminary graduates, William Ramey and John Sweigart. (Although both use “Dr.” in front of their names on the website, these doctorates are honorary only and not from academic institutions. Ramey, in fact, is an installer of fire extinguishers for Grinnel Fire Protection Services. Sweigart is a Presbyterian pastor serving in Arkansas. Yet, while not actual academicians, their Greek material is solid.) The Greek lessons so far cover the alphabet, phonology, first and second declension nouns, and noun accent. All lessons, exercises, and answer keys are downloadable pdf files. The website is very nicely laid out, user-friendly, easily navigated, and the pdf files are excellent, cleanly formatted, and quite useable. The animated alphabet files with pronunciation particularly are nicely done (see http://www.inthebeginning.org/ntgreek/alphabet/alpha.htm). Adobe Reader 6.0 and an active connection to the Internet are required to access audio links in the pdf files. The audio is encoded as MP3 files and requires RealAudio or other MP3 player. The SPIonic Greek font is required to view the Greek properly (free download).

Jonathan Robie’s Little Greek 101: Learning New Testament Greek [Index] [Home]

http://www.ibiblio.org/koine/greek/lessons/

Part of a larger website maintained by Jonathan Robie, this Greek grammar tutorial is incomplete, having lessons only on the alphabet, present active indicative verb, pronouns (2 lessons), articles and nouns, and “to be,” and use of the article. The overall web look is rather rudimentary and unaesthetic, with some fonts severely pixilated, but the basic content is at least a beginning exploration of Greek grammar. His “Flashcard Gizmo” provides interactive feedback online using a flashcard-like paradigm to drill vocabulary and grammar as one proceeds through the tutorial. Robie also helps run the B-Greek mailing list and discussion board, a very active and dynamic discussion of Greek and the New Testament.

Rusty Russell’s Introduction to New Testament Greek [Index] [Home]

http://www.bible-history.com/bka/bka38.htm

Rusty Russell, along with James Darden, has attempted to provide an Introduction to New Testament Greek on his Bible History website (see the section, “New Testament,” above). The Windows (only) program has mostly text with minimal graphics, poorly done, unlike the website itself, so is a real disappointment. The program’s purpose is quite limited too: meant simply to aid the layperson in following a pastor’s comments from the pulpit or to recognize a Greek word in a commentary. All that is covered is the initial material of a typical chapter one: Pronunciation, Vowels, Diphthongs, Consonants, Breathing Marks, Accent Marks, and Punctuation. Not worth the effort. One hardly can trust the Greek when the English is not even correct (e.g., this sentence: “This means you may not be able to find a word in the lexicon because your looking at one of its many forms in the New Testament.”)

John Schwandt’s The Institute of Biblical Greek [Index] [Home]

http://www.biblicalgreek.org/

This site is maintained by John Schwandt. Mr. Schwandt earned his M.A. from Westminster Theological Seminary in California and now teaches as a Fellow of Classical Languages at New St. Andrews College in Moscow, ID. The college is affiliated with the Confederation of Reformed Evangelicals and stands in the Reformed and Presbyterian tradition. Mr. Schwandt’s site is artfully done and offers links to various materials and programs he has developed, including the National Biblical Greek Exam, Recommended Books, Online Resources (Links), Forums, the Areté Online Academy, and Greek In A Week. The National Biblical Greek Exam is a standardized Greek competency exam developed by Mr. Schwandt that includes national rankings of results. The Areté Online Academy is tutored by Mr. Schwandt, requires online registration, and includes tuition fees. The Greek in A Week is a workshop Mr. Schwandt has developed that is offered in a few restricted localities for a quick review of Greek for those wishing to maintain their facility in the language.

Jeff Smelser’s New Testament Greek [Index] [Home]

http://www.ntgreek.net

Jeff Smelser is pastor of Centreville Church of Christ in the northern Virginia side of the metro Washington DC area. His Greek training came during his time at Florida College, which he has maintained on his own during his ministry. Out of his background of helping laypersons in Bible classes and other settings learn Greek in order to dig more deeply into Scripture, Smelser created an online course, now up to 18 lessons (completed?), divided into two sets of 9 lessons each, based on the grammar by James A. Hewett (New Testament Greek: A Beginning and Intermediate Grammar, Hendrickson, 1986). You may browse and learn online, or you may register officially (for a fee) and receive e-mail feedback from a course tutor and obtain course credit in any of four sessions (fall, winter, spring, or summer) with prescribed dates. This course requires the SGreek font from Silver Mountain Software (shareware). Each lesson has an assignment with a link in order to e-mail in (for registered users). The assignments include audio files for pronouncing vocabulary (satisfactory, but occasional breathiness overdriving the mic and slightly distorting the sound is distracting). Assignments also include an online vocabulary drill with flashcards including audio, nicely done. Some parts of some assignments refer the student to the Hewett grammar for completion. On occasion, some grammar discussion, such as on adverbs, simply asks the student to read Hewett’s grammar. After assignments have been returned with corrections and annotations, the student takes a quiz (usually multiple choice) and sends in the result for scoring and comments. This site is a comprehensive effort, well done, nicely formatted, easily navigated, and a fine contribution to web Greek.

Herbert Weir Smyth’s A Greek Grammar for Colleges (Perseus) [Index] [Home]

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0007&layout=&loc=1&query=toc

This is the full text of Smyth’s classic handbook reference grammar on Classical Greek. The coverage is extensive, accurate, and sufficient to answer even detailed questions about Greek grammar. Because of the overall similarities between Classical and Hellenistic Greek, this grammar is a tremendous online resource for Greek grammar in general. (Note: Perseus sometimes takes a while to load.)

“Song of the Lamb” New Testament Greek (Anonymous) [Index] [Home]

http://www.songofthelamb.com/

An anonymous website simply identified in the header as “Song of the Lamb” that provides an interactive drill and practice covering the four major areas of Vocabulary, luvw, Nouns, and Participles. Nice drills, user-friendly, with checkbox-style parsing for the verbs and nouns and helpful feedback that increases in amount of information given according to the number of attempts made to get each exercise correctly. Based on Mounce’s grammar.

Darren Twa’s QuickMem Greek 3.0 [Index] [Home]

http://www.headthirst.com/greek.shtml

A traditional vocabulary flashcard system, Windows only, based upon the Metzger lists of words occurring 10 or more times in the New Testament (Lexical Aids for Students of New Testament Greek) by Headthirst Software from Darren Twa. Customized sets of cards can be created. An announced new program, QuickMem Server promises to make the flashcard system available on other platforms (Mac OS X, Linux, etc.). QuickMem is freeware, but a small donation is encouraged.

Jim West’s Elementary Greek [Index] [Home]

http://www.theology.edu/greek01.htm

Dr. Jim West has provided an online grammar, which, while complete in total number of lessons (31), is so stripped-down and brief in its explanations and exercises as to be almost a lame duck that hardly can fly for the beginning Greek student. Further, no New Testament examples of any grammatical concepts or discussion are given. For example, all that is given for the aorist passive is a conjugation table with three English sentences, one before the table saying, “The aorist passive of luvw is:”, and the second after the table explaining that this construction has an augment and passive suffix; the third sentence is an “assignment” saying simply to memorize the table! Then the entire lesson “assignment” is to translate only two short Greek sentences! That’s the entire “lesson” on the Greek aorist passive! Another quibble is the aesthetics: the fonts overall are so small that the page is hard to read on a high-resolution screen. Requires the SPIonic font (free download).

Woodward and Pagos’s Enchiridion [Index] [Home]

http://kwoodward.net/greek/template/xample13.htm

This site is meant to be a “user-friendly guide for reading ancient Greek” by Elaine Woodward and Marianne Pagos. The online material actually is the full text of a 1994 publication by the same name posted as scanned images of each page. The scans are not particularly well done, with most of the images being somewhat fuzzy along the edges of text. (Scanned images means text does not wrap when the window is resized.) Two rudimentary frames present the navigation of the chapters in the left frame and the text content in the larger right frame, with a single “next” navigation arrow at the bottom of each page (getting back to any previous page requires using your browser button, as long as you did not branch out to another page in the middle of a sequence). One could quibble with the “user-friendly” claim when something as simple as navigation buttons are in scarce supply. The material certainly is useable, but we register a mild caution: always check the information given with a current, standard grammar (e.g., this generalizing statement on translating Greek infinitives: “In most cases infinitives are translated with ‘to’ or ‘to be’”—not a word about infinitive constructs).