Timeline of Terror Alerts
Biltud, from Salon.com's TableTalk,
posted a few days ago a series of correlations between past terror alerts and
political events unfavorable to the Bush administration. [I] compiled all these
correlations and organized them chronologically into a timeline. [I] also added
additional news items and other instances that [I] found out, detailing the
terror alerts over the last few years, and located the original sources for many
of these news articles. Soon, Biltud and [I] started to research together all
these occurrences, and more interesting "coincidences" started to appear. [We]
finally built this timeline of terror alerts and how they relate to the news
headlines of the days immediately prior to that very alert. I think it's very
easy to see a pattern recurring.
January 10, 2002 - George W. Bush,
answering reporters' questions in the Oval Office regarding his close
relationship with Ken Lay, head of the controversial Enron, claims that he
barely knew him: "I got to know Ken Lay when he was the head of the—what
they call the Governor's Business Council in Texas. He was a supporter of Ann
Richards in my run in 1994 [italics Chatterbox's]. And she had named him the
head of the Governor's Business Council. And I decided to leave him in place,
just for the sake of continuity. And that's when I first got to know Ken.
…" Source
Many see Bush's answer as less than sincere. Source - Source
February 5, 2002 - Angry lawmakers to subpoena Ken Lay over Enron scandal. Journalists inquire about Lay's close connections to the Bush administration Source
February 12, 2002 - Attorney General John Ashcroft on Tuesday called on "all Americans to be on the highest state of alert" after an FBI warning of a possible imminent terrorist attack. Source
May 22, 2002 -- Bush goes on the record as opposing the formation of an independent commission to look into why 9/11 happened.
Mr. Bush's comments come after a two-day hearing on Capitol Hill with FBI director Robert Mueller and the agent who wrote the so-called "Phoenix memo" last summer warning about that Arab students training at U.S. aviation schools were linked to a militant Muslim group. Source - Source
Same day:
The Senate Governmental Affairs Committee votes to issue subpoenas to the Bush administration for information on its contacts with bankrupt energy trader Enron Corp. Source
May 24, 2002 - Railroad and other transit systems across the country received a Transportation Department warning based on "an unconfirmed, uncorroborated report", and were told to "remain in a heightened state of alert". Earlier this week, the government issued warnings about the Statue of Liberty and the Brooklyn Bridge, leading to tightened security at an around those New York City locations. Source
June 9, 2002 -- FBI Whistleblower Talks To Congress
Coleen Rowley testifies she had tried to notify her superiors about the suspicious flight students before 9/11. She compared the agency's bureaucracy to the "Little Shop Of Horrors," telling Congress the FBI could have done more to prevent the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. Source
June 10, 2002 - Attorney General John Ashcroft conducts an unusual and urgent press conference from Russia. He announces that they had arrested Jose Padilla, the "dirty bomb" suspect had been captured, and transferred to the custody of the DOD from the Justice Department. Source
In the same press conference Ashcroft revealed that the "dirty bomb" suspect had been captured on May 8th and held incognito before the announcement on June 10.
September 20, 2002 -- In the wake of damaging Congressional 9/11 inquiry revelations, President Bush reverses course and backs efforts by many lawmakers to form an independent commission to conduct a broader investigation than the current Congressional inquiry.
The White House also refuses to turn over documents showing what Bush knew before 9/11.
September 20, 2002 -- Relatives of 9/11 victims grill the Bush Administration over their reluctance to get to the bottom of it. Source
September 21, 2002 -- The Pentagon completes and delivers to President Bush a highly detailed set of military options for attacking Iraq, said the New York Times, quoting Pentagon and White House officials on Saturday.
The president has options now, and he has not made any decisions," states Ari Fleischer. Source
September 23, 2002 -- Former Vice President Al Gore warns that President Bush's doctrine allowing for a "pre-emptive" strike against Iraq could create a global "reign of fear." Source
September 23, 2002 -- Victory for German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder and his ruling coalition came after a campaign in which he emphasized his strong opposition to a US war with Iraq. Source
September 10-24, 2002 - The attorney general elevates the terror alert. Later on, b Based on a review of intelligence and an assessment of threats by the intelligence community, as well as the passing of the anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks and the disruption of potential terrorist operations in the United States and abroad, the Attorney General in consultation with the Homeland Security Council has made the decision to return the threat level to an elevated risk of terrorist attack, or "yellow" level. Source
February 6, 2003 -- Powell pleads with the UN Security Council for a first strike against Iraq. Source
February 9, 2003 - Citing credible threats that al Qaeda might be planning attacks on American targets, the U.S. government raised the national color-coded threat level Friday to orange, indicating a "high" risk of a terrorist attack. Source
Note: In what has become since an object of jokes and derision, the Department of Homeland Security urged citizens to stock up on plastic sheets and duct tape "in case of a chemical attack." Source
Note 2: Also keep in mind that they raised the alert level quickly after numerous anti-war organizations declared their intention to march against the plans to invade Iraq. In New York city, where nearly one million citizens voiced their opposition to the war plans, the level was placed in heightened orange alert just on time for the massive demonstrations of February 15, 2003. Source - Source -
Later news reveal that some of the previous terror alerts may have been based in false information. Source
May 12, 2003 -- Jay Garner, the retired lieutenant general who was the top civil administrator in Iraq, left his post and other senior officials were also replaced. Source
May 20, 2003 - The United States raises the nation's terror threat level Tuesday, saying the U.S. intelligence community believes al Qaeda has entered an "operational period worldwide" and might attack within the US. Source
July 25, 2003 -- After the Bush administration delayed its publication for months, Congress releases its 9/11 findings. The government also deletes 28 pages of the report believed to detail Saudi funding of members of Al Qaeda in the Untied States prior to Sept. 11. Source - Source
July 28, 2003 -- US troops charged with beating Iraqi POWs. Source
Same day - 15 US soldiers die over 8 days in Iraq. Source
July 29 - Department of Homeland Security issues a warning about the possibility of suicide attacks on airplanes. Source
August 18, 2003 -- President Bush admits that major combat operations are continuing in Iraq. On May 1, Bush went on national TV to proclaim the end "major combat operations." Source
September 4, 2003 -- Both The New York Times and Vanity Fair start investigating the very damaging allegations that Top White House officials personally approved the evacuation of dozens of influential Saudis, including relatives of Osama bin Laden, from the United States in the days after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks when most flights were still grounded, a former White House adviser said today. Source
September 5, 2003 - A Department of Homeland Security advisory warns that al Qaeda is working on plans to hijack airliners flying between international points that pass near or over the continental United States. Source
December 18, 2003 -- 9/11 Chair Thomas Kean says the attacks were preventable. Source
Dec. 19 2003 -- A federal appeals court ruled the government can not detain U.S. citizen Jose Padilla indefinitely without pressing charges against him or allowing him access to the courts. Source
Same day -- The Wall Street Journal reports that auditors at the Pentagon are accusing Halliburton of refusing to hand over internal documents related to allegations that the oil service company overcharged the U.S. government in Iraq. Source
Same day -- David Kay quits, having found no WMDs. Source
Dec. 21, 2003 - Ridge raises the terror threat level just in time for the holidays. Source
March 15, 2004 -- Military families organize together to oppose the war. Source
March 16, 2004 -- Dems call for probe on Medicare cost cover-up. Source
March 17, 2004 -- Condoleeza opts of 9/11 Commission hearings. She repeats her refusal several times during the week, and later on appears on "60 Minutes" to explain her position. Source
March 18, 2004 - News report that a "high target" Al Qaeda leader has been "sorrouded" in the border with Pakistan. Cnn suggests it may be Bin Laden or al-Zawahri. Source Reports of fierce fighting continue. Source After the fighting ends, it is reported that it wasn't any "high value" target in the battle after all. Source
March 21, 2004 The State Department issues a terror alert. Source
March 21, 2004 -- Richard Clarke gives an exclusive to 60 Minutes about his book “Against All Enemies” just days before he is due to testify before the 9/11 Commission.
"In the aftermath of Sept. 11, President Bush ordered his then top anti-terrorism adviser to look for a link between Iraq and the attacks, despite being told there didn't seem to be one. The charge comes from the adviser, Richard Clarke, in an exclusive interview on 60 Minutes." Source
March 30, 2004 -- Rice continues to refuse to testify publicly in front of 9/11 Commission. Source
April 1, 2004 -- US contractors killed and mutilated in Iraq. Source
Same Day – The Pentagon issues a report that medical evacuations in Iraq hit 18,000. Source
Same day. Bush refuses to release Clinton papers to 9/11 Commission. Source
Also same day, Richard Clarke is all over the news. Source
April 2, 2004 - A bulletin sent from the FBI & Homeland Security warn of terrorists that may try to bomb buses and rail lines in major U.S. cities this summer. Source
May 10, 2004 -- Bush approval rating hits lowest point (46%) - Source
May 18, 2004 -- Colin Powell tells Meet the Press that he was deliberately mislead about WMD information. Powell's aide tries to cut him off mid-air. Source
May 18, 2004 – Former Abu Ghraib Intel Staffer Says Army Concealed Involvement in Abu Ghraib Abuse Scandal. Source
May 19, 2004 -- Newsweek reports that President Bush's top lawyer warned two years ago that Bush could be prosecuted for war crimes as a result of how his administration was fighting the war on terror. Source
Same day – White House stonewalls UN on papers about Halliburton’s contracts in Iraq. Source
Same day – Tom Ridge testifies before 9/11 Commission on this second day of hearings in NYC. Source
Same day - The 9/11 Commission begins another round of hearings in NYC. Source
May 19, 2004 -- Nothing but bad news about prisoner abuse in Iraq, including breaking news that the Pentagon was told about the abuses back in November. Source
Senate Armed Forces Committee holds hearings on Abu Ghraib abuses. Source
May 25, 2004 - Homeland Security issues a terror alert: Major terror attack possible this summer. Source
June 7, 2004 -- The Wall Street Journal publishes exclusive report demonstrating that the Pentagon provided legal rationales and loopholes in 2003 to use torture and methods of near-torture, and how to avoid various international treaties and US laws. Furthermore, the leaked memos suggest that they circumvent US and international laws, the US president should change the rules as they may see fit. All media outlets pick up on this explosive report. Source - Source
June 14, 2004 - VP Dick Cheney is caught lying about the alleged ties of Saddam Hussein to al Qaeda. Cheney is unable to provide any evidence to his assertions after journalists inquire. On June 15 Bush Bush defends Cheney's unsourced assertions but does not provide any evidence either that there was a "link" between Iraq and al Qaeda or the 9/11 attacks. Source
June 15, 2004 - The Justice Department announces to the press they have thwarted an imminent terror plot to bomb malls in Ohio. Somali immigrant arrested and charged on the case.Source
Later on it is revealed that the Somali immigrant had been arrested one year earlier for his connections to terrorism, but there was nothing "imminent" in that case. The suspect was arrested in Nov. 28, 2003, and the Court papers filed by the government allege that a plot dated to March 2000. His indictment wasn't announced until June 15, 2004. Source - Source
July 6, 2004 -- Kerry names Edwards as his running mate. Source
July 8, 2004 - Tom Ridge holds a press conference on terror alerts over the summer and during the conventions. Source
July 11, 2004 -- Senior White House officials discuss the possibility of delaying the elections in case of a terrorist attack. Source
July 22, 2004 -- The 9/11 Commission releases their findings. While many criticize the commission for not going far enough, their report includes many examples of inaction and lack of leadership from the Bush administration. Source
July 26-29 -- Democratic Convention shows party unity and strong leadership. Kerry/Edwards provide electrifying acceptance speeches. John Kerry's acceptance speech is praised even by some conservative analysts. Campaign appearances immediately following the convention draw larger-than-expected crowds.
August 1, 2004 -- White House Projects Highest Deficit Ever. Source
August 2, 2004 - The Department of Homeland Security raises the terror alert at several large financial institutions in the New York City and Washington areas. Source
Later it is revealed that much of the information that led the authorities to raise the terror alert was three or four years old. Source
Same day - Bush's daughters, Jenna and Barbara, visit the Citicorp Building in New York City. This is one of the buildings that Tom Ridge implied was under a dire and imminent threat from terrorists. It seems odd that the President's daughters would be allowed to visit a building supposedly about to be attacked by terrorists. Source
Can you connect the dots?
Additions from the Ranch Writer:
1. August 28, 2004 - Per a Rocky Mountain News story, terrorists had targeted veterans' hospitals. Fitzsimmons Army Hospital in Aurora, CO was listed as a possible target. The article also mentioned that John Kerry had been born there. This alert was released just after the Democratic National Convention.
2. October 28, 2004 - Osama's taped speech is released to the US. November 2, 2004 - General Election.
3. January 20, 2005 - Terrorist alert in Boston on the same day as the inauguration.
Many see Bush's answer as less than sincere. Source - Source
February 5, 2002 - Angry lawmakers to subpoena Ken Lay over Enron scandal. Journalists inquire about Lay's close connections to the Bush administration Source
February 12, 2002 - Attorney General John Ashcroft on Tuesday called on "all Americans to be on the highest state of alert" after an FBI warning of a possible imminent terrorist attack. Source
May 22, 2002 -- Bush goes on the record as opposing the formation of an independent commission to look into why 9/11 happened.
Mr. Bush's comments come after a two-day hearing on Capitol Hill with FBI director Robert Mueller and the agent who wrote the so-called "Phoenix memo" last summer warning about that Arab students training at U.S. aviation schools were linked to a militant Muslim group. Source - Source
Same day:
The Senate Governmental Affairs Committee votes to issue subpoenas to the Bush administration for information on its contacts with bankrupt energy trader Enron Corp. Source
May 24, 2002 - Railroad and other transit systems across the country received a Transportation Department warning based on "an unconfirmed, uncorroborated report", and were told to "remain in a heightened state of alert". Earlier this week, the government issued warnings about the Statue of Liberty and the Brooklyn Bridge, leading to tightened security at an around those New York City locations. Source
June 9, 2002 -- FBI Whistleblower Talks To Congress
Coleen Rowley testifies she had tried to notify her superiors about the suspicious flight students before 9/11. She compared the agency's bureaucracy to the "Little Shop Of Horrors," telling Congress the FBI could have done more to prevent the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. Source
June 10, 2002 - Attorney General John Ashcroft conducts an unusual and urgent press conference from Russia. He announces that they had arrested Jose Padilla, the "dirty bomb" suspect had been captured, and transferred to the custody of the DOD from the Justice Department. Source
In the same press conference Ashcroft revealed that the "dirty bomb" suspect had been captured on May 8th and held incognito before the announcement on June 10.
September 20, 2002 -- In the wake of damaging Congressional 9/11 inquiry revelations, President Bush reverses course and backs efforts by many lawmakers to form an independent commission to conduct a broader investigation than the current Congressional inquiry.
The White House also refuses to turn over documents showing what Bush knew before 9/11.
September 20, 2002 -- Relatives of 9/11 victims grill the Bush Administration over their reluctance to get to the bottom of it. Source
September 21, 2002 -- The Pentagon completes and delivers to President Bush a highly detailed set of military options for attacking Iraq, said the New York Times, quoting Pentagon and White House officials on Saturday.
The president has options now, and he has not made any decisions," states Ari Fleischer. Source
September 23, 2002 -- Former Vice President Al Gore warns that President Bush's doctrine allowing for a "pre-emptive" strike against Iraq could create a global "reign of fear." Source
September 23, 2002 -- Victory for German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder and his ruling coalition came after a campaign in which he emphasized his strong opposition to a US war with Iraq. Source
September 10-24, 2002 - The attorney general elevates the terror alert. Later on, b Based on a review of intelligence and an assessment of threats by the intelligence community, as well as the passing of the anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks and the disruption of potential terrorist operations in the United States and abroad, the Attorney General in consultation with the Homeland Security Council has made the decision to return the threat level to an elevated risk of terrorist attack, or "yellow" level. Source
February 6, 2003 -- Powell pleads with the UN Security Council for a first strike against Iraq. Source
February 9, 2003 - Citing credible threats that al Qaeda might be planning attacks on American targets, the U.S. government raised the national color-coded threat level Friday to orange, indicating a "high" risk of a terrorist attack. Source
Note: In what has become since an object of jokes and derision, the Department of Homeland Security urged citizens to stock up on plastic sheets and duct tape "in case of a chemical attack." Source
Note 2: Also keep in mind that they raised the alert level quickly after numerous anti-war organizations declared their intention to march against the plans to invade Iraq. In New York city, where nearly one million citizens voiced their opposition to the war plans, the level was placed in heightened orange alert just on time for the massive demonstrations of February 15, 2003. Source - Source -
Later news reveal that some of the previous terror alerts may have been based in false information. Source
May 12, 2003 -- Jay Garner, the retired lieutenant general who was the top civil administrator in Iraq, left his post and other senior officials were also replaced. Source
May 20, 2003 - The United States raises the nation's terror threat level Tuesday, saying the U.S. intelligence community believes al Qaeda has entered an "operational period worldwide" and might attack within the US. Source
July 25, 2003 -- After the Bush administration delayed its publication for months, Congress releases its 9/11 findings. The government also deletes 28 pages of the report believed to detail Saudi funding of members of Al Qaeda in the Untied States prior to Sept. 11. Source - Source
July 28, 2003 -- US troops charged with beating Iraqi POWs. Source
Same day - 15 US soldiers die over 8 days in Iraq. Source
July 29 - Department of Homeland Security issues a warning about the possibility of suicide attacks on airplanes. Source
August 18, 2003 -- President Bush admits that major combat operations are continuing in Iraq. On May 1, Bush went on national TV to proclaim the end "major combat operations." Source
September 4, 2003 -- Both The New York Times and Vanity Fair start investigating the very damaging allegations that Top White House officials personally approved the evacuation of dozens of influential Saudis, including relatives of Osama bin Laden, from the United States in the days after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks when most flights were still grounded, a former White House adviser said today. Source
September 5, 2003 - A Department of Homeland Security advisory warns that al Qaeda is working on plans to hijack airliners flying between international points that pass near or over the continental United States. Source
December 18, 2003 -- 9/11 Chair Thomas Kean says the attacks were preventable. Source
Dec. 19 2003 -- A federal appeals court ruled the government can not detain U.S. citizen Jose Padilla indefinitely without pressing charges against him or allowing him access to the courts. Source
Same day -- The Wall Street Journal reports that auditors at the Pentagon are accusing Halliburton of refusing to hand over internal documents related to allegations that the oil service company overcharged the U.S. government in Iraq. Source
Same day -- David Kay quits, having found no WMDs. Source
Dec. 21, 2003 - Ridge raises the terror threat level just in time for the holidays. Source
March 15, 2004 -- Military families organize together to oppose the war. Source
March 16, 2004 -- Dems call for probe on Medicare cost cover-up. Source
March 17, 2004 -- Condoleeza opts of 9/11 Commission hearings. She repeats her refusal several times during the week, and later on appears on "60 Minutes" to explain her position. Source
March 18, 2004 - News report that a "high target" Al Qaeda leader has been "sorrouded" in the border with Pakistan. Cnn suggests it may be Bin Laden or al-Zawahri. Source Reports of fierce fighting continue. Source After the fighting ends, it is reported that it wasn't any "high value" target in the battle after all. Source
March 21, 2004 The State Department issues a terror alert. Source
March 21, 2004 -- Richard Clarke gives an exclusive to 60 Minutes about his book “Against All Enemies” just days before he is due to testify before the 9/11 Commission.
"In the aftermath of Sept. 11, President Bush ordered his then top anti-terrorism adviser to look for a link between Iraq and the attacks, despite being told there didn't seem to be one. The charge comes from the adviser, Richard Clarke, in an exclusive interview on 60 Minutes." Source
March 30, 2004 -- Rice continues to refuse to testify publicly in front of 9/11 Commission. Source
April 1, 2004 -- US contractors killed and mutilated in Iraq. Source
Same Day – The Pentagon issues a report that medical evacuations in Iraq hit 18,000. Source
Same day. Bush refuses to release Clinton papers to 9/11 Commission. Source
Also same day, Richard Clarke is all over the news. Source
April 2, 2004 - A bulletin sent from the FBI & Homeland Security warn of terrorists that may try to bomb buses and rail lines in major U.S. cities this summer. Source
May 10, 2004 -- Bush approval rating hits lowest point (46%) - Source
May 18, 2004 -- Colin Powell tells Meet the Press that he was deliberately mislead about WMD information. Powell's aide tries to cut him off mid-air. Source
May 18, 2004 – Former Abu Ghraib Intel Staffer Says Army Concealed Involvement in Abu Ghraib Abuse Scandal. Source
May 19, 2004 -- Newsweek reports that President Bush's top lawyer warned two years ago that Bush could be prosecuted for war crimes as a result of how his administration was fighting the war on terror. Source
Same day – White House stonewalls UN on papers about Halliburton’s contracts in Iraq. Source
Same day – Tom Ridge testifies before 9/11 Commission on this second day of hearings in NYC. Source
Same day - The 9/11 Commission begins another round of hearings in NYC. Source
May 19, 2004 -- Nothing but bad news about prisoner abuse in Iraq, including breaking news that the Pentagon was told about the abuses back in November. Source
Senate Armed Forces Committee holds hearings on Abu Ghraib abuses. Source
May 25, 2004 - Homeland Security issues a terror alert: Major terror attack possible this summer. Source
June 7, 2004 -- The Wall Street Journal publishes exclusive report demonstrating that the Pentagon provided legal rationales and loopholes in 2003 to use torture and methods of near-torture, and how to avoid various international treaties and US laws. Furthermore, the leaked memos suggest that they circumvent US and international laws, the US president should change the rules as they may see fit. All media outlets pick up on this explosive report. Source - Source
June 14, 2004 - VP Dick Cheney is caught lying about the alleged ties of Saddam Hussein to al Qaeda. Cheney is unable to provide any evidence to his assertions after journalists inquire. On June 15 Bush Bush defends Cheney's unsourced assertions but does not provide any evidence either that there was a "link" between Iraq and al Qaeda or the 9/11 attacks. Source
June 15, 2004 - The Justice Department announces to the press they have thwarted an imminent terror plot to bomb malls in Ohio. Somali immigrant arrested and charged on the case.Source
Later on it is revealed that the Somali immigrant had been arrested one year earlier for his connections to terrorism, but there was nothing "imminent" in that case. The suspect was arrested in Nov. 28, 2003, and the Court papers filed by the government allege that a plot dated to March 2000. His indictment wasn't announced until June 15, 2004. Source - Source
July 6, 2004 -- Kerry names Edwards as his running mate. Source
July 8, 2004 - Tom Ridge holds a press conference on terror alerts over the summer and during the conventions. Source
July 11, 2004 -- Senior White House officials discuss the possibility of delaying the elections in case of a terrorist attack. Source
July 22, 2004 -- The 9/11 Commission releases their findings. While many criticize the commission for not going far enough, their report includes many examples of inaction and lack of leadership from the Bush administration. Source
July 26-29 -- Democratic Convention shows party unity and strong leadership. Kerry/Edwards provide electrifying acceptance speeches. John Kerry's acceptance speech is praised even by some conservative analysts. Campaign appearances immediately following the convention draw larger-than-expected crowds.
August 1, 2004 -- White House Projects Highest Deficit Ever. Source
August 2, 2004 - The Department of Homeland Security raises the terror alert at several large financial institutions in the New York City and Washington areas. Source
Later it is revealed that much of the information that led the authorities to raise the terror alert was three or four years old. Source
Same day - Bush's daughters, Jenna and Barbara, visit the Citicorp Building in New York City. This is one of the buildings that Tom Ridge implied was under a dire and imminent threat from terrorists. It seems odd that the President's daughters would be allowed to visit a building supposedly about to be attacked by terrorists. Source
Can you connect the dots?
Additions from the Ranch Writer:
1. August 28, 2004 - Per a Rocky Mountain News story, terrorists had targeted veterans' hospitals. Fitzsimmons Army Hospital in Aurora, CO was listed as a possible target. The article also mentioned that John Kerry had been born there. This alert was released just after the Democratic National Convention.
2. October 28, 2004 - Osama's taped speech is released to the US. November 2, 2004 - General Election.
3. January 20, 2005 - Terrorist alert in Boston on the same day as the inauguration.
Posted: Wed - August 4, 2004 at 01:10 AM
Quick Links
Irrepressable.info
Calendar
| Sun | Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat |
Search
XML/RSS Feed
Categories
Media Matters
Blogrolling
Site Meter Web Counter
Creative Commons License
Comments powered by
Archives
Statistics
Total entries in this blog:
Total entries in this category:
Published On: May 17, 2008 08:45 PM
Total entries in this category:
Published On: May 17, 2008 08:45 PM