Islam in the Digital Age: Bibliography

Islam in the Digital Age: Bibliography
Gary R. Bunt

Gary R. Bunt, Islam in the Digital Age: E-jihad, Online Fatwas and Cyber Islamic Environments, (London: Pluto Press, 2003, ISBN 0 7453 2099 6 hardback/ISBN 0 7453 2098 8 paperback, £14.99/US$ 24.95, 248 pp, 215x135mm)

This page represents the on-line bibliography of Islam in the Digital Age: it contains URLs to all the web-based references in the book. Site titles are represented in bold text. The writer takes no responsibility for the content of external links. The URLs on this site were correct at the time of going to press, and they are checked regularly ( ). Naturally, there will be occasional changes, especially when sites are hacked or re-located. If you are seeking 'missing pages', I suggest using the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Those sites or pages which remain denoted as 'missing' or whose links are non-functional, may be archived and accessible through using the archive's search engine. Advice on 'missing' sites and pages would be appreciated, together with any feedback. Please

Bibliography

Hadith

Bewley, Aisha (trans.), The Sahih Collection of al-Bukhari, (Muhammad ibn Ismail Bukhari), http://bewley.virtualave.net/bukhcont.html

Al-Qushayri, Muslim b. al-Hajjaj, Sahih Muslim, (trans.), Abdul Hamid Siddiqui, (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1971-75)/International Islamic University, Malaysia, www.iiu.edu.my/deed/hadith/muslim/

Books

United Nations Development Project, Making new technologies work for human development, (New York: United Nations Development Project, 2001), www.undp.org/hdr2001

Official Documentation

Canadian Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Services, ‘Al-Qaida Cyber Capability’, 2 November 2001, www.epc-pcc.gc.ca/emergencies/other/TA01-001_E.html

Foreign Broadcast Information Service, ‘Al-Qa’ida Affiliated Website Back Online; Taliban Official’s Statements Reported’, 19 Jul 2002, trans. from al-Sharq al-Awsat. Source: http://cryptome.org/alneda-up.htm (accessed October 2002)

National Infrastructure Protection Center, Middle East E-mail Flooding and Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks, October 26, 2000, www.nipc.gov/warnings/assessments/2000/00-057.htm

U.S. Department of State, ‘U.S. Internet Watchdogs Warn of Increased Hacking Activity’, 17 September 2001, http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/global/ecom/01091701.htm

U.S. Department of Justice, Press Release, ‘Computer Hacker Intentionally Damages Protected Computer’, October 22, 2001
www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/khanindict.htm

Materials from Academic Journals and Related Sources

Alterman, Jon B., ‘New Media, New Politics? From Satellite Television to the Internet in the Arab World’ summarised in Policywatch, 356, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, December 11, 1998. www.washingtoninstitute.org/watch/Policywatch/policywatch1998/356.htm

Anderson, Jon W., ‘Is the Internet Islam’s ‘Third Wave’ or the ‘End of Civilization’?’, Journal of Electronic Publishing (1997), www.press.umich.edu/jep/archive/Anderson.html

‘Technology, Media, and the Next Generation in the Middle East’, New Media and Information Technology Working Papers, (1999) http://nmit.georgetown.edu/papers/jwanderson.htm

_____. ‘New Media in the Muslim World: The Emerging Public Sphere’, ISIM Newsletter, 5, www.isim.nl/newsletter/5/media/1.html

Brückner, Matthias, ‘IslamiCity - Creating an islamic cybersociety’, ISIM Newsletter, 8, (2001) www.isim.nl/newsletter/8/bruckner.htm

Bunt, Gary R., Interface Dialogues: Cyber Islamic Environments and the On-line Fatwa’, ISIM Newsletter 6, November 2000, http://isim.leidenuniv.nl/newsletter/6/media/1.html

El-Nawawy, Mohamed A., ‘Profiling Internet Users in Egypt: Understanding the Primary Deterrent Against Their Growth in Number’, Internet Society, (2000) www.isoc.org/inet2000/cdproceedings/8d/s8

Gonzalez-Quijano, Yves, ‘Essai De Cartographie De L’information Sur Internet Au Liban’, www.pisweb.net/mmm/3_quijano/3-quijano.html

Kirchner, Henner, ‘Digital Jihad - Islam im Internet’, Quartalszeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kirchlicher Entwicklungsdienst, 32. (1996) 4, 19-22, www.henner-kirchner.de/studies/cybermus.htm

Lohlker, Rüdiger, ‘Der Koran im Internet’, www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/orient/koran1.htm#Anmerkung_1a,

Wheeler, Debbie, Islam, Community and the Internet: New Possibilities in the Digital Age’, Journal of Education, Community and Values, 3 (2002), http://bcis.pacificu.edu/journal/2002/03/islam.php

Wolcott, Peter, & Seymour Goodman, ‘The Internet in Turkey and Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis’, (Center for International Security and Co-operation, Stanford University, 2000) xii, http://mosaic.unomaha.edu/TurkPak_2000.pdf

‘Non-Academic’ Internet Publications

These materials are classified as ‘non-academic’, in the sense that they were not published (in this instance) in print or internet form in academic journals, although it is feasible that a proportion of the materials have appeared elsewhere in this format or under an ‘academic’ classification (i.e. through a religious organisation’s imprint).

Aalim Network, ‘Zaydis - An Ithna’ashari view’, 7 Aug 1997, www.al-islam.org/organizations/AalimNetwork/msg00420.html

Abdulhussein, Mumineen.org, Shaikh Mustafa, ‘On the Use of Translations of the Qur’an’, http://archive.mumineen.org/deen/translate.html

Ahmed, Qari Mansoor, Khurasaan.com, ‘Why the difference?’ www.khurasaan.com/s_content.php?id=2002-04-15-3602

Allaahuakbar.net, ‘Readings in Elementary Qutubism’, www.allaahuakbar.net/downloads/qutubism.zip

Arif, Mir Adeel, Khurasaan.com, ‘My 12 day visit to Afghanistan’ www.khurasaan.com/s_content.php?id=2002-04-08-2905

Alemarh, ‘America in Afghanistan’, www.alemahr.com, 30 March 2002

Anti Defamation League, ‘Jihad Online: Islamic Terrorists and the Internet’,
www.adl.org/internet/jihad.asp, 2002

Azzam, ‘Fatwa of Sheikh Hammoud Al-Uqlaa’ on the Taliban’, 29 November 2000, www.azzam.com

Centre for Islamic Studies and Research, ‘From God’s servant Osama ben Laden to the peoples of the countries allied with the American government’, 19 December 2002, www.cambuur.net/cocI/indexe.php?subject=2&rec=8

Chaos Computer Club, ‘CCC condemns attacks against communication systems’, 13 September 2001, www.ccc.de/CRD/CRD20010913.en.html

Condrey, David, Black and White, Hackerthreads, www.hackerthreads.org/downloads/black_white.pdf25

Council on American-Islamic Relations, ‘Muslims question choice of author for book on Islam’,
www.cair-net.org/asp/article.asp?id=347&page=NR, 4 April 2001

Fadel, Mohammad, ‘On the validity of Ijtihad from the viewpoint of Usul (principles of Islamic jurisprudence)’, As-Sunna Foundation of America, www.sunnah.org/fiqh/usul/on_the_validity_of_ijtihad.htm
Front Islamique du Salut, ‘Claims of vindication on the back of a tragedy’, 18 September 2001, www.ccfis.org
_____. ‘PR30: The events in the USA and the vile opportunists of Algeria’, www.ccfis.org

Daba, Hasan Ali, Jihad Unspun, ‘Sheikh Qaradawi’s Jumu’ah Khutbah, ‘I Am A Terrorist’‘, www.jihadunspun.net/IslamUnderAttack/articles/iaat.cfm

Dahlan, Mawlana Shaykhu-l-Islam Ahmad Zayni, ‘Fitnatul Wahhabiyyah - The menace of Wahhabism’As-Sunna Foundation of America, www.sunnah.org/aqida/fitnatulWahhabiyyah.htm

Hezb-e-Mughalstan, www.dalitstan.org/mughalstan/laden/targetin.html, reproducing India Today, ‘Now we should target India’, Oct 4, 1999

_____. ‘Join the Cyber-Army of Mughalstan’, www.dalitstan.org/mughalstan/azad/joincybr.html

Human Rights Watch, ‘The Internet in the Mideast and North Africa’, (1999), www.hrw.org/advocacy/Internet/mena/

iDefense, Israeli-Palestine Cyber Conflict, Version 2.0PR, Jan 3 2001, www.idefense.com/pages/ialertexcl/MidEast_010501.htm

Imam Khoei Islamic Centre, ‘Fatwa, Taqlid’, www.alkhoei.org.uk/fatawa/1taghleed.htm

Al-Islam, Imam Mohamad Jawad Chirri, ‘Inquiries About Islam’, www.al-islam.org/inquiries/index.html

Al-Islam, ‘Contemporary Legal Rulings in Shi’i Law in accordance with the rulings (fatawa) of Ayatullah al-’Uzma al-Sayyid ‘Ali al-Husayni al-Seestani’, translated by Hamid Mavani, 1996, Ahlul Bayt (a) Digital Islamic Library Project, www.al-islam.org/laws/contemporary

Islahul Muslimeen of North America, ‘Mission Statement of Islahul Muslimeen’, http://chishti.net/mission_statement.htm

Islahul Muslimeen of North America, ‘The spiritual foundation of IMNA’, http://chishti.net/chishti_lineage.htm

Islam for Today, ‘Muslims against Terrorism’, www.islamfortoday.com/terrorism.htm, 25 October 2001.

_____., ‘The Taliban of Afghanistan’, www.islamfortoday.com/taliban.htm

Islam Liberal Indonesia, ‘Yusuf Qardhawi, Guru Umat Pada Zamannya’ http://islamlib.com/TOKOH/qardhawi.html, 9 July 2002

Islam Online, ‘U.S. Muslim Scholars Condemn Attacks’, 12 September 2001, www.islam-online.net/English/News/2001-09/13/article1.shtml

Islamic Research, ‘Anniversary of Imam Khomani’, 8 June 2002, www.islamicresearch.org/anniversary_of_imam_khomani_r.htm

Islamic Research, Council of Shia Ulama (Scholars), n.d., www.islamicresearch.org/Pages/UlamaCouncil.htm

Jama’at-e-Islami Pakistan, ‘Qazi condemns US attacks’, www.jamaat.org/news, 14 September 2001

Jamiat USA, ‘History of Jamiat USA’, http://jamiatusa.org/historyjusa.html, n.d.

Jawadi, Allama Zeeshan Haider, ‘Collection of Fiqh Lectures on different topics recited in 1995’, www.azadari.com/jawadi/zhjfiqh.htm?

Jeewan, Mulla, Dharb-i-Mumin, ‘Remembering the past, A befitting reply!’, n.d. http://abuusman03.tripod.com/abu1.htm

Jenkins, Michael L., ‘Hacktivism: Compromise Techniques Used by GFORCE-Pakistan’, October 24, 2000, SANS Institute, http://rr.sans.org/infowar/hacktivism2.php

Jihad Unspun, ‘Al-Zawahiri on the Invasion of Iraq’, www.jihadunspun.net/BinLadensNetwork/statements/azotioi.cfm, 8 October 2002

Jolish, Barak, Salon.com, ‘The encrypted jihad’, February 4, 2002, www.salon.com/tech/feature/2002/02/04/terror_encryption

Kataeb Ezzeldeen, ‘Karim Mohammed Abu-Abyad’, n.d., www.kataeb-ezzeldeen.com/shohda2/shaheed.asp?ShaheedID=340

Khamene’i, Ali, ‘Practical Laws of Islam’ (Ajwibah al-Istifta’at), n.d. www.wilayah.net/english/ahkam/index.htm

_____. Ali ‘Rules of Imitation’, www.wilayah.net/english/ahkam/taqlid.htm

Khurasaan.com, ‘Angels fight along with Mujaahideen in Palestine’, www.khurasaan.com/s_content.php?id=2002-04-26-5113, 26 April 2002

____. ‘Afghan Women Find New Freedom’, 29 March 2002 www.khurasaan.com/s_content.php?id=2002-03-29-2201

____. ‘Somalia Lions’, www.khurasaan.com/s_content.php?id=2002-02-25-5723, 25 February 2002

____. ‘A Practical Guide to Dealing With Hassle From British Authorities’, www.khurasaan.com/s_content.php?id=2002-03-03-2119, 3 March 2002

Osama bin Laden, Jihad Unspun, ‘The Nineteen Martrys’, n.d., www.jihadunspun.net/BinLadensNetwork/articles/19martyrs.cfm

Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, ‘Fatwas against individual leaders’ http://tariq.bitshop.com/misconceptions/fatwas/individual.htm
Laskar Jihad, ‘Does Laskar Jihad fight against neutral Christians?’ 22 March 2001, www.laskarjihad.or.id/english/qa/eqa0103/eqa010322.htm

Al-Madina, Fazail-e-Aamaal, ‘Muslim Degeneration and Remedy’, www.almadinah.org/FazailAamaal/MuslimDeProcedureForTabligh.htm

Al-Manhaj, Salafi Society of North America, ‘Shaikh Muqbil on Yusuf Al-Qaradaawee’, Shaikh Muqbil bin Haadee al-Waadi’ee (trans. Abu Maryam), ‘Tuhfat-ul-Mujeeb ‘an As’ilat-il-Haadir wal-Ghareeb’, 89-91, www.al-manhaj.com/Page1.cfm?ArticleID=138

MIRA, ‘The American Phenomenon and The Bin Laden Phenomenon’, n.d. www.miraserve.com/pressrev/ARTICLE1.htm

Al-Murabit, Abdalqadir as-Sufi, ‘The Kuffar Move to the Endgame’, Murabitun of the Americas, www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/6588/endgame.html, April 2002.

Al-Muhajiroun, ‘Fatwa or Divine Decree against General Musharraf-USA’, www.al-muhajiroun.com, 16 September 2001

_____. ‘America under Attack’, www.al-muhajiroun.com, 20 September 2001

_____. ‘Letter from Bin Laden’, www.al-muhajiroun.com/lnews/29-03-02.php, 30 March 2002

Muhammadiya Association, Singapore, ‘Guiding Principles of Muhammadiya’, www.muhammadiyah.org.sg/organ.htm

Muhammah, Hafiz Abdussalam bin, ‘The Excuses and Pretexts against Jihad’ www.markazdawa.org/englishweb/islami-articles/200204/excuses.htm,

Mujahideen, ‘Encrypted Messages Hidden in Images’, www.mujahideen.fsnet.co.uk/hidden-messages.htm

____. ‘Seven of the WTC Hijackers found alive!’ www.mujahideen.fsnet.co.uk/wtc/wtc-hijackers.htm

Al-Musawi, Al-Imam ‘Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din, ‘Questions on Jurisprudence (Masa’il Fiqhiyya)’, Translator Liyakatali Takim, Ontario, Hydery Canada, 1996, www.al-islam.org/masail

Palestine Information Center, Hamas, ‘Qassam communique 270302’, www.palestine-info.com/hamas/communiques, 27 March 2002

Paz, Reuven, Qaidat al-Jihad, 7 May 2002, reproduced on Free Republic, www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/763378/posts

Q Bank, www.al-shia.org/html/eng/books/q&a/fehrest.htm

Qaradawi, Yusuf, Islam Online, Ask the Scholar, Response to question from ‘Shoukry, Australia’, ‘Islamic View on the Latest Attacks on America’, 12 September 2001, www.islamonline.net/fatwaapplication/english/display.asp?hFatwaID=49349

_____. Islam Online, Ask the Scholar, Response to question from ‘Zainab, Canada’, ‘Ulama’s Fatwas on American Muslim Participating in US Military Campaign’, 16 October 2001 www.islamonline.net/fatwaapplication/english/display.asp?hFatwaID=52014

_____. Islam Online, ‘Why Muslim And Christian Scholars Come Together’, www.islamonline.org/English/contemporary/qpolitic-17/qpolitic1.shtml

Al-Qoosee, Shaikh Usaamah, Concerning Sayyid Qutb, Saalih Al-Munajjid and Al-Maghraawee, ‘Questions that were asked to him by SSNA from his visit to the USA on 4/16/01’, (16 April 2001), Al-Manhaj (Salafi Society of North America), www.al-manhaj.com/Page1.cfm?ArticleID=66

Ruqaiyah, Abu, trans. Hussein El-Chamy, ‘The Islamic Legitimacy of The ‘Martyrdom Operations’’, Nida’ul Islam magazine, 16, 1996, www.islam.org.au/articles/16/martyrdom.htm

Sahib, Mufti Khubaib, Harkat- ul-Mujahideen, ‘Attributes of the Mujahideen: Compliance with the Sunnah’ www.ummah.net.pk/harkat/jihad/attribut.htm

Salaam Central Asia, ‘Islam in Kazakhstan’, [now retitled "Islam in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan"] www.amerasianworld.com/islam_in_kazakhstan.htm link updated July 18, 2003

Sakina Security Services ‘Ultimate Jihad challenge’, September 20,2001, www.sakinasecurity.com URL deleted

Al-Samawi, Muhammad Tijani, Shi’a are the Real Ahl Al-Sunnah, Translated by Yasin T. al-Jibouri, New Jersey, Pyam-e-Aman, n.d. www.al-shia.com/html/eng/books/shia-real/index.htm

Shindeldecker, John, Alevilik-Bektasilik Arastirmalari Sitesi, ‘Turkish Alevis in the 21st Century’, www.alevibektasi.com/xalevis_home.htm

Ash-Shuaibi, Hammoud bin Uqlaa’, Al-Madina, Fatwa on the Shariah Implementation of the Taliban Government in Afghanistan, 29 November 2000, www.almadinah.org/DawaLinks/talebanfatwa.htm

Sunaynah, Abu, ‘Al-Minbar, Islaam, between the enemies plans & the Muslim’s Betrayal’, Khutbah 2284, www.alminbar.com/khutbaheng/2284.htm

Taliban OnLine, Osama bin Laden, http://muntaqim.web1000.com/text/taliban/911.htm#Osama

Taliban-News, Profile, Ameer Ibn Ul-Khattab, 29 April 2002, www.taliban-news.com/article.php?sid=281

_____, Mujahideen Military Command Council Confirms The Martyrdom of Ibn El-Khattab, 28 April 2002, www.taliban-news.com/article.php?sid=278

Theological Library, www.al-shia.org/html/eng/index.htm

Al-Turabi, Hassan, ‘On the Position of Women in Islam and in Islamic Society’, www.islamfortoday.com/turabi01.htm

WatanOnline, Wahhabis: The Real Terrorists, http://follower.4t.com/terrorism.html

News Sources

This section incorporates conventional printed news sources, together with online news feeds from a variety of sources and perspectives.

Abdo, Geneive, ‘Cyberspace frees Iran’s rebel cleric’, Guardian, August 5, 2000, www.guardianunlimited.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4047913,00.html

The Age, ‘Al-Qaeda hackers hijack sites’, www.theage.com.au, 27 October 2002

Agence France Presse/Mena Report, ‘Hizbollah, Israel fight cyberwar’, November 6, 2000, www.menareport.com

Alleyne, Richard, Daily Telegraph, ‘UK Muslims disown ‘lunatic fringe’’, 20 September, 2001, http://news.telegraph.co.uk

Ananova, ‘Text message divorces approved for Muslims’, 10 July 200, http://www.ananova.co.uk

Associated Press, ‘Talib’s Anti-American E-mails’, Reproduced by Wired, www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,50286,00.html, 7 February, 2002.

Al-Bawaba, ‘Algeria Hopes to Improve Telecommunications by 2010’ April 10, 2001, www.al-bawaba.com/news

_____. ‘Egypt to Serve Less Privileged Areas with 100 Youth Centers Yearly’ 27 July 2001, www.al-bawaba.com/news

_____. ‘Expert: Rising Mideast PC Demand Bucks Global Trend’ 15 August 2001, www.al-bawaba.com/news

BBC News Online, ‘British Muslims join ‘holy war’’, 26 June, 2000
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk/newsid_806000/806422.stm,

_____., ‘Hamas hit by porn attack’, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/middle_east/newsid_1207000/1207551.stm, 7 March 2001

_____., ‘Tracing the kidnappers’ e-mails’, 6 February, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1805000/1805173.stm

Blackhurst, Chris, Independent, ‘Bin Laden web link registered in Suffolk’, 28 October 2001, www.independent.co.uk/story.jsp?story=101895

Bölsche, Jochen, Spiegel Online, ‘Mailing-Liste gehackt’, 19 September 2002,
www.spiegel.de,

Brunker, Mike, MSNBC, Did ‘Jihad’ arms course visit U.S.?, 27 December 2001, www.msnbc.com/news

Channel 4 News, ‘Jihad’ chef cleared, August 9, 2002, www.channel4.com/news

Gold, Steve, Computeruser, ‘Alleged jihad Internet terrorist pleads not guilty’, 15 October 2001, www.computeruser.com/mews/01.10/15/news2.html

Chaudhuri, Pramit Pai, Hindustan Times Online, ‘What are Islamic fundamentalists doing in porn sites? The CIA tells you’, February 18, 2001, www.hvk.org/articles/0201/92.html

CNN, Authorities track e-mails sent by alleged shoe bomber, January 21, 2002, www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/01/21/inv.reid.emails/

_____, ‘Egyptian physician with a $5 million price on his head’, n.d., www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/people/shows/zawahiri/profile.html

Cullison, Alan, & Andrew Higgins, Wall Street Journal, ‘Computer in Kabul holds chilling memories’, 31 December 2001, reproduced on MSNBC, www.msnbc.com/news

_____. The Wall Street Journal, ‘Spy trip log matches Reid’s Travels’, 16 January 2002, reproduced on MSNBC, www.msnbc.com/news

Daily Star, Lebanon, ‘Palestinians are taking the Intifada online’, 2 November, 2001, reproduced on Hizbullah’s Moqama website, www.moqawama.org/articles/doc_2001/taking.htm

di Justo, Patrick, Wired, ‘Does Official Taliban site exist?’, www.wired.com/news/0,1294,47956,00.html, 30 October 2001

Dibbell, Julian, Wired, ‘In Gold We Trust’, 10.01, January 2002, www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.01/egold.html

Eedle, Paul, Guardian, ‘Terrorism.com’, 17 July 2002, www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,756498,00.html

Goodwin, Bill, Computer Weekly, ‘Cybercrime crackdown on pan-European scale’, 22 November 2001, www.cw360.com

Greene, Thomas C., The Register, ‘Mideast ‘cyberwar’ veteran indicted’, 1 November 2001, www.theregister.co.uk

_____. The Register, ‘Celebrity hacktivist joins the Mid-East cyber-war’, 7 November 2000, #

_____. The Register, ‘How Carnivore works’, 19 December 2000, www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/15591.html

_____. The Register, ‘Do-it-yourself Internet anonymity’, 14 November 2001, www.theregister.co.uk/content/6/22831.html

Hassan, Javid, Arab News, ‘Most Islamic websites are in Arabic: Survey’, http://arabnews.com/Article.asp?ID=20030

Hockstader, Lee, Washington Post Foreign Service, ‘Pings and E-Arrows Fly in Mideast Cyber-War’, www.washingonpost.com, 27 October 2000

Hopper, D. Ian, CNN, Kashmir-minded Pakistani ‘hacktivists’ blitz Web sites, www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9910/08/pakistani.hack/, October 8, 1999,

Hussain, Khalid, Times Computing Online, ‘Inside track on Pak Hackers’, 16 May 2001 www.timescomputing.com/20010516/nws1.html

Kettman, Steve, Wired, ‘1,001 Arabian Nights of Sex’, 24 April, 2001
www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,43243,00.html

Krebs, Brian, Newsbytes, Hackers Worldwide Fan Flames In Middle East Conflict, www.newsbytes.com, November 25, 2000

Lemos, Robert, ZD Net, ‘Hackers split over vigilante strikes’, 18 September 2001, http://news.zdnet.co.uk

Leppard, David, The Sunday Times, ‘Cyber criminals cost companies £10 billion a year’, 14 April, 2002, Sunday Times

Leyden, John, The Register, ‘Hackers lash out at Islamic Usenet group’, 19 September 2001 www.theregister.co.uk/content/55/21752.html

_____. The Register, ‘Hacking activity plummets’, 10 January 2002 www.theregister.co.uk/content/55/23628.html

Lynch, Ian, VNU Net,’ Anti-US hacker hits world trade portal www.vnunet.com/News/1125576, 21 September 2001

McDonald, Tim, NewsFactor, ‘Hackers Mobilize for War Against Islamic Web Sites’, www.ecommercetimes.com, 17 September 2001

McWilliams, Brian, Newsbytes, ‘Hacker ‘Doctor Nuker’ Claims FBI Fingered Wrong Person’, 31 October 2001, www.newsbytes.com

_____. Newsbytes, ‘‘Bin Laden’ Worm Targets ICQ, Outlook Users’, 24 October 2001, www.newsbytes.com

_____. Newsbytes, ‘Pakistani Group Strikes U.S. Military Web Site’ www.newsbytes.com/news/01/171341.html, 21 October 2001

Mena Report, ‘Middle East Tension fuels hacker fury’, www.menareport.com, October 3, 2002

MSNBC, ‘E-mail ties Richard Reid to Pakistan’, www.msnbc.com/news, 19 January 2002

Osman, Ahmad, Straits Times, ‘Mosque raps fateha for ‘sign up for jihad’ e-mail’, http://straitstimes.asia1.com.sg/usattack/story/0,1870,98429-1011823140,00.html

Perera, Rick, NetworkWorld Fusion/IDG News Service, ‘Hacker cracks Islamist mailing list’, 20 September 2001, www.nwfusion.com

Rasch, Mark, The Register, ‘US assumes global cyber-police authority’, 27 November 2001, www.theregister.co.uk/content/6/23036.html

Reuters, ‘British Security Chiefs Launch Web Terror Hunt’, 25 October 2001, www.reuters.com

_____. ‘Man divorces wife by phone message’, 29 June, 2001.

Schwartz, John, New York Times, 23 November 2001, ‘Cyberspace seen as potential battleground’, www.nytimes.com

Security Watch, ‘Political computer hacking increases’, 1 November, 2002, www.isn.ethz.ch

Star (Malaysia)/Associated Press, ‘Muslim scholars debate legitimacy of suicide bombings’, http://thestar.com.my, 17 September 2001

Statesman, ‘Now, Pak hackers wage cyber jihad’, 22 October 2001.

_____. ‘Enter Al-Qaida Alliance on Cyber Battlefield’, October 24, 2001.

Straits Times, ISD finds videotape linking S’pore terror group to Al-Qaeda, http://straitstimes.asia1.com.sg/usattack/story/0,1870,98907,00.html

Taipei Times, ‘Web hackers hit US via Taiwan’, 11 January 2002, www.taipeitimes.com/news/2002/01/11/story/0000119478

Reuters/ Singapore Window, Amy Tan, ‘Singapore tightens grip on vocal Muslim web site,’ January 25, 2002, www.singapore-window.org/sw02/020125re.htm

Rosser, Nigel, Evening Standard/This is London, ‘British Muslims training fighters for ‘holy war’, 21 September 2001, www.thisislondon.co.uk

Al Than, Mariam, Islam-Online, ‘Muslims Discouraged Against Hacking Israeli Sites’, www.islam-online.net/English/News/2001-01/17/article6.shtml, 17 January 2001,

The Times, ‘‘Holy Wars’ website is shut down’, 4 October 2001

Trendle, Giles, IT-Director, ‘The e-Jihad against Western Business’, www.it-director.com/article.php?id=2744, 5 April 2002

UNESCO Webword News, ‘Only 4% of Internet users in the Arab world are women’, www.unesco.org/webworld/news/000605_beijing.shtml, 5 June 2000

Wakin, Daniel J., New York Times, ‘Online in Cairo, with news, views and ‘fatwa corner’’, October 28, 2002, www.newyorktimes.com

Washington Post, ‘Man hijacks Al-Qaida website’, July 20, 2002, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21548-2002Jul30.html

Weisman, Robyn, Newsfactor Network, Teen Hackers Crash Hizbollah ISP, www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/6880.html, January 22, 2001,

Windrem, Robert, MSNBC, ‘How al-Qaida keeps in touch’, March 6, 2002, www.msnbc.com/news

Press and Publicity Releases

mi2g, ‘Israel suffers escalating hack attacks’, www.mi2g.com/cgi/mi2g/press/150402.php, 15th April 2002

Internet

This listing excludes reference to hacked sites or related archives, which are listed only in the Endnotes to individual chapters. Where URLs or pages have been deleted, the general URL is provided when available. All URLs were correct at the time of going to press.

ABIM Online, Angatan Belia Islam Malaysia, www.abim.org.my

Alexa Internet Archive Wayback Machine, http://web.archive.org

Ali Montazeri, www.montazeri.com

Allwhois, www.allwhois.com

Alminbar.com, www.alminbar.com

Atlas of Cyberspace, www.cybergeography.org/atlas/surf.html

Ayatullah Muhammad Taqi Misbah Yazdi, www.mesbahyazdi.com

As-Sunna Foundation of America, www.sunnah.org

Ask-Imam, www.islam.tc/ask-imam

Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project, www.al-islam.org

AIPAC, American Israel Public Affairs Committee, www.aipac.org

Al-Qaida Exposed, http://johnathangaltfilmscom.powweb.com/movie.html