[481]Charles Comte, Traité de législation, ou exposition des lois générales suivant lesquelles les peuples prospèrent, dépérissent ou restent stationnaire, 4 vols. (Paris: A. Sautelet et Cie, 1827), 3rd ed., p. xiv. A second revised edition was published in 1835 by Chamerot, Ducollet of Paris in 4 vols. to coincide with the publication of its sequel, the Traité de la propriété. A revised and corrected third edition was published in 1837 by Hauman, Cattoir et Cie of Brussells.
[482]Harpaz and Liggio have discussed Comte's support for the Spanish liberals. Leonard P. Liggio, "International Relations in 1814-1815: Anglophobia, Counter-Revolution and the Congress of Vienna," and the series of articles by Éphraïm Harpaz on Comte and Dunoyer's journalism: "Le Censeur, Histoire d'un journal libéral," Revue des sciences humaines, Octobre-Décembre 1958, 92, pp. 483-511; "Le Censeur européen, histoire d'un journal industrialiste," Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, 1959, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 185-218 and vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 328-57; "Le Censeur européen: histoire d'un journal quotidien," Revue des sciences humaines, 1964, pp. 113-116, pp. 137-259. A good survey of liberal attitudes to questions of foreign policy, in particular the movements for national independence, is given by Éphraïm Harpaz, "Politique mondiale," L'école libérale sous la restauration: le "Mercure" et la "Minerve" 1817-1820 (Genève: Droz, 1968), pp. 175-222.
[483]Quoted in Molinari, "Comte (François-Charles-Louis)," Dictionnaire de l'économie politique, ed. Charles Coquelin and Guillaumin (Paris: Librairie Guillaumin, 1852), vol. 1, p. 446. See also Mignet, Notice historique sur la vie et les travaux de M. Ch. Comte (1846) read at a meeting of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, 30 May 1846 and published in Journal des économistes, June 1846. vol. XIV, p. 277.
[484]Charles Comte, "Préface de la première édition," Traité de législation, 3rd ed, p. xv.
[485]There are two letters to Comte written by Mill in French in The Earlier Letters of John Stuart Mill, 1812-1848, ed. Francis E. Mineka (University of Toronto Press, 1963), vol. 1, Letter no. 19, London, 25th January 1828, pp. 21-2 and letter 22, London, 27 June 1828, p. 24-5.
[486]The first volume of the four volume Traité de législation appeared in 1826, the remaining three appeared the following year in 1827.
[487]Molinari, "Comte," Dictionnaire de l'économie politique, p. 446.
[488]Quoted in Molinari, "Comte," Dictionnaire de l'économie politique, p. 447.
[489]Quoted from Bastiat's free trade journal, Le Libre-Échange, 11 July, 1847 by Molinari, "Comte," Dictionnaire de l'économie politique, p. 447. The influence of Comte and Dunoyer on the generation of liberals who came to prominence in the mid-nineteenth century was considerable, no more so than for Frédéric Bastiat a leading journalist and free trade activist in the 1840s. In Bastiat's published correspondence there are scattered references to Comte and Dunoyer, in particular the latter with whom Bastiat met often at meetings of the free trade association and the Society for Political Economy, or came across his articles in the Journal des Économistes. See letters in Oeuvres complètes de Frédéric Bastiat, vol. 1 "Correspondance. Mélanges" (Paris: Guillaumin, 1862), pp. 67, 69, 71, 127, 209. Bastiat expresses his profound intellectual debt to the work of Comte and Dunoyer in a couple of letters to his life long friend Félix Courdroy. In a letter of 8 January 1825 Bastiat confesses that he is not well read in the literature of political economy but rather based his ideas on the work of four leading liberals: Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, Destutt de Tracy, and the essays of Comte and Dunoyer in Le Censeur, Bastiat, Oeuvres, vol. 1, p. 16. In another letter to Coudroy dated 9 April 1827 Bastiat discusses Dunoyer's essay on the origin of the idea of industrialism which appeared in the Revue encyclopédique and cites with apparent approval Dunoyer's expanded use of the term industry to include not just agriculture, commerce, manufacturing and banking, but also lawyers and intellectuals. Bastiat, Oeuvres, vol. 1, pp. 18-19. He acknowledges the influence of Dunoyer in a letter to Horace Say (the son of Jean-Baptiste Say) of 24 November 1844, in which Bastiat congratulates Say for having an article of his well thought of by Dunoyer and then proceeds to reminisce about the liberal movement in Say's father's day and Dunoyer's prescience in his opposition to socialism at that time: "Parmi les écrivains de l'école de votre père que la mort a respecté, il en est un surtout dont l'assentiment a pour moi une valeur inappréciable, quoique je n'eusse pas osé le provoquer. Je veux parler de M. Ch. Dunoyer. Ses deux premiers articles du Censeur européen (De l'equilibre des nations) ainsi que ceux de M. Comte qui les précèdent, décidèrent, il y a déjà bien longtemps, de la direction de mes idées et même de ma conduite politique." Frédéric Bastiat, Oeuvres complètes, vol. 7 "Essais, Ébauches, Correspondance," (Paris: Guillaumin, 1864), p.378. In 1845 when Dunoyer published his magnum opus De la liberté du travail he sent Bastiat a copy to which Bastiat replied with a touching letter of thanks on 7 March 1845. Bastiat pays Dunoyer the compliment that he has so completely absorbed Dunoyer's ideas that he is no longer able to distinguish them from his own, Bastiat, Oeuvres, vol. 7, p. 372.
[490]Charles Comte, "Préface de la première édition," Traité de législation, 3rd ed, p. xiii.
[491]Charles Comte, Traité de législation, ou exposition des lois générales suivant lesquelles les peuples prospèrent, dépérissent ou restent stationnaire, 4 vols. (Paris: A. Sautelet et Cie, 1827).
[492]Comte, "Avant-propos," Traité de législation, p. vi.
[493]Comte, Traité de législation, Book I, p. 7.
[494]Comte, Traité de législation, Book I, p. 7.
[495]Comte, Traité de législation, Book I, p. 11.
[496]Comte, Traité de législation, Book I, p. 29.
[497]Comte, Traité de législation, Book I, p. 12. See also pp. 61-2 for references to Constant.
[498]Jeremy Bentham, "Anarchical Fallacies: Being an Examination of the Declaration of Rights issued during the French Revolution (1796)," in The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ed. Bowring (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1843), vol. 2, pp. 491-534.
[499]Comte, Traité de législation, Book I, p. 32.
[500]Comte, Traité de législation, Book II, pp. 84-5.
[501]Comte, Traité de législation, Book II, p. 88.
[502]Comte, Traité de législation, Book II, p. 88.
[503]Comte, Traité de législation, Book II, p. 88.
[504]Comte, Traité de législation, Book II, p. 114.
[505]Comte, Traité de législation, Book II, p. 109.
[506] Comte, Traité de législation, Book II, p. 91.
[507]The chapters dealing with the economics of slavery are the following: V "De l'influence de l'esclavage sur les facultés industrielle des maîtres et des esclaves," pp. 370-76; VI "De l'influence de l'esclavage sur la partie de la population qui tient le milieu entre les maîtres et les esclaves," pp. 376-79; XV "De l'influence de l'esclavage domestique sur la production et l'accroissement des richesses," pp. 415-18; XVI "De l'influence de l'esclavage sur les arts industriels et sur le prix de la manoeuvre - suite du précédent," pp. 418-25; XVII "De l'influence de l'esclavage sur la distribution des richesses entre les diverse classes de la population," pp. 425-28; XXVI "De l'influence qu'exercent, sur l'industrie et le commerce des nations libres, les priviléges commerciaux qu'elles accordent à des possesseurs d'esclaves - Du système colonial," pp. 462-68; XXVII "Des priviléges commerciaux accordés aux possesseurs d'esclaves des colonies - Suite du précédent," pp. 468-72.
[508]Simonde de Sismondi "Des effets de l'esclavage sur la race humaine," Études sur l'économie politique , vol. 2 (Paris: Treuttel et Würtz, 1837), p. 382. Likewise Gustave de Molinari believed Comte's work on slavery was a key text. Molinari, Gustave de, "Esclavage," Dictionnaire de l'économie politique..., eds. Charles Coquelin and Guillaumin (Paris: Guillaumin, 1852), vol. 1, pp. 712-731.
[509]See Augustin Thierry, "Vues des révolutions d'Angleterre," Le Censeur européen, in three parts, vol. 5, 1817, pp. 1-80; vol. 8, 1818, pp. 1-106; vol. 11, 1819, pp. 1-74; Augustin Thierry, Histoire de la conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands (Paris: Didot, 1825); Augustin Thierry, Lettres sur l'histoire de France (Paris: Sautelet, 1827).
[510]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 359.
[511]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 359-60.
[512]Comte, Traité de législation, pp. 359-60, footnote.
[513]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 361.
[514]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 360.
[515]By the term "morals" both Comte and Dunoyer mean a combination of moral attitudes as well as political culture.
[516]See V "De l'influence de l'esclavage sur les facultés industrielle des maîtres et des esclaves," pp. 370-76; VI "De l'influence de l'esclavage sur la partie de la population qui tient le milieu entre les maîtres et les esclaves," pp. 376-79 in Comte, Traité de législation.
[517]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 371. See also footnote p. 378.
[518]Comte, Traité de législation, pp. 371-2.
[519]Comte, Traité de législation, pp. 372.
[520]Comte, Traité de législation, pp. 372.
[521]Comte, Traité de législation, pp. 374.
[522]Comte, Traité de législation, pp. 374, footnote.
[523]XV "De l'influence de l'esclavage domestique sur la production et l'accroissement des richesses," pp. 415-18; XVI "De l'influence de l'esclavage sur les arts industriels et sur le prix de la manoeuvre - suite du précédent," pp. 418-25; XVII "De l'influence de l'esclavage sur la distribution des richesses entre les diverses classes de la population, pp. 425-28 in Comte, Traité de législation.
[524]Comte quotes Say's Traité, fifth edition, book 1, chapter 19 in Comte, Traité de législation, p. 416, footnote.
[525]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 415.
[526]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 415.
[527]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 415-16.
[528]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 415.
[529]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 389, footnote.
[530]Dunoyer, L'industrie et la morale, pp. 232-3, footnote.
[531]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 416.
[532]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 417.
[533]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 424.
[534]Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of nations, ed. R.H. Campbell and A.S. Skinner (The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith reprinted Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1981), vol. II, pp. 684.
[535]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 417.
[536]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 420.
[537]Michaux, Voyage à l'ouest des monts Alleghanys and Larochefoucauld, Voyage aux États-Unis cited in Comte, Traité de législation, p. 421.
[538]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 422.
[539]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 416.
[540]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 427.
[541]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 427.
[542]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 427.
[543]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 428.
[544]Comte uses budget papers written by Charles Dupin for all these figures. One example from the ministre de la marine was for the administration of the Antilles in 1820 which cost some F11.8 million but only raised from local sources only F5.7 million. Thus the French taxpayers were subsidising the slave owners to the tune of F6 million. In all, Comte believed that the cost of administering France's three remaining colonies was the same as when it had ten. Comte, Traité de législation, pp. 465-6.
[545]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 467.
[546]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 470.
[547]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 418.
[548]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 422.
[549]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 423.
[550]Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. R.H. Campbell and A.S. Skinner (The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith reprinted Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1981), vol. II, pp. 684. See the all too brief discussion of this issue in Samuel Hollander, The Economics of Adam Smith (University of Toronto Press, 1973), p. 211, footnote 11.
[551]Comte makes this rather weak argument in a lengthy footnote and dismisses other more likely factors for this difference preferring to lay all the blame upon slavery itself. Comte, Traité de législation, p. 464.
[552]In 1826 France consumed 64.6 million kilogrammes of sugar at a cost of F7.30 per kilogramme for a total cost of F69.3 million. If France had been able to buy all its sugar from slave colonies with only half the proportion of slave labour the cost would have been F49.96 million, a saving of about F20 million. If the source had been Indian or Vietnamese sugar the savings would have been F30 million. Comte uses French budget papers for his figures. Comte, Traité de législation, p. 465.
[553]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 465.
[554]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 428.
[555]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 376, footnote.
[556]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 468.
[557]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 468.
[558]Comte, Traité de législation, p. 479. Comte gives another definition of enslavement along similar lines: "The enslavement of one man to another is nothing more than a privilege of immunity granted to the former for the crimes he could commit against the latter. The liberation (of a slave) is nothing more than the revocation of this privilege. To declare that, in such a country, that slavery is abolished is to declare quite simply that crimes will be punished without exception for anyone. To establish or maintain slavery is to grant or guarantee the privileges of wrong-doing. It is so evident that, in order to abolish servitude completely in all places where it exists, it is sufficient to judge all facts of the same kind according to the dictates of the same laws." Comte, Traité de législation, p. 480.
[559]Charles Comte, Des garanties offertes aux capitaux et autres genres de propriétés par les procédés de chambres législatives, dans les entreprises industrielles, et particulièrement dans la formation des canaux, et de l'influence que peut avoir un canal du Havre à Paris, sur la prospérité des villes commerciales de France (Paris: Delaforest, 1826).
[560]Mill's letters to Comte are in The Earlier Letters of John Stuart Mill, 1812-1848, ed. Francis E. Mineka (University of Toronto Press, 1963), vol. 1, Letter no. 19, London, 25th January 1828, pp. 21-2 and letter 22, London, 27 June 1828, p.24-5.
[561]Mill's review appeared as "Scott's Life of Napoleon," Westminster Review, IX (April 1828), pp. 251-313, reprinted in Essays on French History and Historians, ed. John M. Robson (University of Toronto Press, 1985), vol. 20 of the Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, pp. 53-110.
[562]Unfortunately Mill never wrote a history of the French Revolution but he did give his notes and references to Thomas Carlyle to assist him in preparing The French Revolution (1837).
[563] The Earlier Letters of John Stuart Mill, 1812-1848, ed. Francis E. Mineka (University of Toronto Press, 1963), vol. 1, letter 22, London, 27 June 1828, p. 25.
[564]Charles Comte, Histoire de la garde nationale de Paris, depuis sa fondation jusqu'à l'ordonnance du 29 avril 1827 (Paris: A. Sautelet, 1827. Publié le 14 juillet 1827, jour anniversaire de la prise de la Bastille). For Mill's comments see his Essays on French History and Historians, ed. John M. Robson (University of Toronto Press, 1985), vol. 20 of the Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, p. 109.
[565]Charles Comte, Traité de la propriété, 2 vols. (Paris: Chamerot et Ducollet, 1834), vol. 1, pp. iv-v.
[566]Comte, Charles, Review of Sir Richard Phillips, Des pouvoirs et des obligations des Jurys, Le Censeur européen, 1819, vol. 11, pp. 354-56.
[567]Charles Comte, Traité de la propriété, p. v.
[568]Sir Richard Phillips, Des pouvoirs et des obligations des jurys par Sir Richard Phillips, traduit et précédé de "Considérations sur le pouvoir judiciaire et l'institution du jury en France, en Angleterre et aux États-Unis d'Amérique, par Charles Comte 2nd edition (Paris: Rapilly, 1828)