[11]André Jardin and André-Jean Tudesq, Restoration and Reaction, 1815-1848, trans. Elborg Forster (Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 94.
[14]Jardin and Tudesq, pp. 49, 57.
[15]Alan B. Spitzer, Old Hatreds and Young Hopes: The French Carbonari Against the Bourbon Restoration (Cambridge, Mass., 1971) and The French Generation of 1820 (Princeton University Press, 1987).
[16]Gioacchino Rossini, Il Viaggio a Reims, ossia l'Albergo del Giglio d'Oro. Dramma giocoso in un atto composto per l'incoronazione si S.M. Carlo X, Re di Francia, conducted by Claudio Abbado, The Chamber Orchestra of Europe (Hamburg: Deutsche Grammophon 1985), pp. 223-5.
[17]Paul Johnson, The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815-1830 (New York: Harper Collins, 1991).
[18]Stanley Mellon, The Political Uses of History: A Study of Historians in the French Restoration (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1958).
[20]A typical example of Marxist interest in the Restoration is Göran Therborn, Science, Class and Society: On the Formation of Sociology and Historical Materialism (London: Verso, 1980).
[21]Laurence Jacobs, "'Le moment libéral': The Distinctive Character of Restoration Liberalism," The Historical Journal, 1988, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 479-91.
[22]Pierre Rosanvallon, "Présentation" to Guizot's Philosophie politique: de la souveraineté in Histoire de la civilisation en Europe, depuis la chute de l'Empire romain jusqu'à la Révolution française, ed. Pierre Rosanvallon (Paris: Hachette, 1985), p. 307.
[23]More recent and important works on Madame de Staël include S. Balayé, Mme de Staël. Lumières et Libertés (1979); Ghislain de Diesbach, Madame de Staël (Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 1983); Renee Winegarten, Mme de Staël, (Leamington Spa: Berg, 1985). Two of her long neglected works which have been republished and thus reflect the concerns of the 1970s and 1980s include Corinne ou l'Italie. Une édition féministe de Claudine Herrman, 2 vols. (Editions des Femmes, 1979); and Considérations sur la Révolution française, ed. Jacques Godechot (Paris: Tallandier, 1983).
[24]Étienne Hoffman, Les 'Principes de Politique' de Benjamin Constant (1806), 2 vols, vol. 1, La Genèse d'une oeuvre et l'évolution de la pensée de leur auteur 1789-1806 (Geneva: Droz, 1980). Constant, Political Writings, ed. Biancamaria Fontana (Cambridge University Press, 1988). Stephen Holmes, Benjamin Constant and the Making of Modern Liberalism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984). Benjamin Constant, De la liberté chez les Modernes: Écrits politiques, ed. Marcel Gauchet (Paris: Livre de poche, 1980) with a lengthy introduction by Gauchet, "Benjamin Constant: l'illusion lucide de libéralisme," pp. 11-91; Kurt Kloocke, Benjamin Constant: Une biographie intellectuelle (Genève: Droz, 1984); Guy Howard Dodge, Benjamin Constant's Philosophy of Liberalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); and the recognition of Constant's rediscovery by Carlo Violi, Benjamin Constant per una storia della riscoperta politica e religione (Rome: G. Gangemi, 1985).
[25]Ephraïm Harpaz, L'école libérale sous la restauration: Le "Mercure" et la "Minerve" 1817-1820 (Geneva: Droz, 1968).
[26]Benjamin Constant, Commentaire sur l'ouvrage de Filangieri (Paris: P. Dufart, 1822), pp. 300-1.
[27]Pierre Rosanvallon, Le moment Guizot (Paris: Gallimard, 1985) and Guizot's Histoire de la civilisation en Europe (Paris: Hachette, 1985), ed. Pierre Rosanvallon.
[28]Rosanvallon, Le moment Guizot, p.29.
[29] It is interesting to note that Rosanvallon, like Robert Warren Brown, links the new political thinking of the Restoration to a new "génération intellectuelle." Robert Warren Brown, The Generation of 1820 during the Bourbon Restoration in France. A Biographical and Intellectual Portrait of the First Wave, 1814-1824 (Duke University, PhD, 1979. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International, 1988).
[30]An initial step in assessing Say's important contribution to early nineteenth century liberal thought has been taken by Evert Schoorl of the Institute of Law at the University of Amsterdam. Evert Schoorl, Jean-Baptiste Say (Dissertation, Amsterdam, 1980); "Jean-Baptiste Say and the New World," Paper given at the American History of Economics Conference, Michigan State University, 1981; "Say, Everett and Malthusianism," Paper given at the UNESCO Malthus Conference, Paris, 1980. I would like to thank Leonard P. Liggio for bringing Schoorl's work to my attention.
[31]Vincent E. Starzinger, Middlingness: "Juste Milieu" Political Theory in France and England, 1815-48 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1965).
[32]See André Jardin, Alexis de Tocqueville, 1805-1859 (Paris: Hachette, 1984); Jean-Claude Lamberti, Tocqueville et les deux démocraties (Paris: Presse Universitaires de France, 1983); François Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, trans. Elborg Forster (Cambridge University Press, 1981).
[33]An early statement of this view was put forward in 1952 by F.A. Hayek, The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1979). See also the essays by Allen Buchanan, David Gordon and John Gray in Marxism and Liberalism, ed. Ellen Frankel Paul et al. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986).
[34]J. Lucas-Dubreton, Le culte de Napoléon 1815-1848 (Paris: Albin Michel, 1960).
[35]Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (Glasgow: Fontana, 1976), "Liberal," p. 149.
[36]The idea of liberal families is developed by Jardin and Tudesq, p. 79.
[37]Biancamaria Fontana entitles the first chapter to Benjamin Constant and the Post-Revolutionary Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991) "An Independent Traveller" which nicely captures the problem of locating Constant on the liberal political spectrum.
[38]Cheryl B. Welch, Liberty and Utility: The French Idéologues and the Transformation of Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 241, note 22.
[39]Welch, Liberty and Utility, p. 158.
[40]Guido de Ruggiero, The History of European Liberalism, trans. R.G. Collingwood (Boston: Beacon Press, 1967), p. 173.
[41]Roger Soltau, French Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (London: Ernest Benn, 1931), p. 32.
[42]René Rémond, The Right Wing in France: From 1815 to de Gaulle (First French edition 1954. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971).
[43]Western Liberalism: A History in Documents from Locke to Croce, ed. E.K. Bramsted and K.J. Melhuish (London: Longman, 1978).
[44]Louis Girard, Les Libéraux Français, 1815-1875 (Paris: Aubier, 1985) and André Jardin, Histoire du libéralisme politique de la crise de l'absolutisme à la constitution de 1875 (Paris: Hachette, 1985).
[45]Jacobs, "Le moment libéral," p. 484.
[46]See Éphraïm Harpaz's series of articles on Comte's and Dunoyer's liberal industrialist worldview: "Le Censeur, Histoire d'un journal libéral," Revue des sciences humaines, Octobre-Décembre 1958, 92, pp. 483-511; "Le Censeur européen, histoire d'un journal industrialiste," Revue d'histoire économique et sociale, 1959, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 185-218 and vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 328-57; "Le Censeur européen: histoire d'un journal quotidien," Revue des sciences humaines, 1964, pp. 113-116, pp. 137-259.
[47]Éphraïm Harpaz, L'école libérale sous la Restauration: Le "Mercure" et la "Minerve", 1817-1820 (Geneva: Droz, 1968).
[48]Fernand Rudé, Stendhal et la pensée sociale de son temps (New enlarged edition. Brionne: Gérard Monfort, 1983). One could also mention the broad and quite comprehensive collection of extracts on French liberal thought edited by Walter Simon. He is one of the few to give recognition to Destutt de Tracy, Say, and Sismondi along with the more traditionally recognised liberals: French Liberalism, 1789-1848, ed. Walter Simon (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1972).
[49]Stanley Mellon, The Political Uses of History: A Study of Historians in the French Restoration (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1958).
[50]Rosanvallon, Le moment Guizot, pp. 41 ff.
[51]Larry Siedentop, "The Two Liberal Traditions," The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. Alan Ryan (Oxford University Press, 1979).
[52]Siedentop, "The Two Liberal Traditions," p.153.
[53]Siedentop, "The Two Liberal Traditions," p.157.
[54]Shirley M. Gruner, Economic Materialism and Social Moralism: A Study in the History of Ideas in France from the latter part of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century (The Hague, 1973), pp. 108-10.
[55]Donald R. Kelley, Historians and the Law in Postrevolutionary France (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 25.
[56]Raymund de Waha, Die Nationalökonomie in Frankreich (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1910) and Albert Schatz's L'individualisme économique et sociale. Ses origines, son évolution, ses formes contemporaines (Paris: Armand Colin, 1907).
[57]Cheryl B. Welch, Liberty and Utility: The French Idéologues and the Transformation of Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984).
[58]G. Vandewalle, "Romanticism and Neo-Romanticism in Political Economy," History of Political Economy, 1986, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 33-47.
[59]Brian Head, Ideology and Social Science: Destutt de Tracy and French Liberalism (Dordrecht, M. Nijhoff; Boston, Hingham, MA, 1985), p. 129.
[60]From Nouveaux Principes, vol. 1, p. 9 quoted in Charles Gide and Charles Rist, A History of Economic Doctrines from the Time of the Physiocrats to the Present Day (London: George Harrap, 1961), p. 191.
[61]Noel W. Thompson, The People's Science: The Popular Political Economy of Exploitation and Crisis 1816-34 (Cambridge University Press, 1984).
[62]H.O. Pappé, "Sismondi's System of Liberty," Journal of the History of Ideas, April-June 1979, vol. XL, no. 2, p. 260. H.O. Pappé, Sismondis Weggenossen (Geneva: Droz, 1963).
[63]Simonde de Sismondi, "On the Condition of the Work People in Manufactories," in Political Economy and the Philosophy of Government (London: John Chapman, 1847), p. 221.
[64]"Halévy on Sismondi," in The Development of Economic Thought: Great Economists in Perspective, ed. Henry William Spiegel (New York: John Wiley), p. 265.
[65]Charles Dunoyer, Nouveau traité d'économie sociale, ou simple exposition des causes sous l'influence desquelles les hommes parviennent à user de leurs forces avec le plus de LIBERTÉ, c'est-à-dire avec le plus FACILITÉ et de PUISSANCE (Paris: Sautelet, 1830) 2 vols.
[66]Louis Girard, Les libéraux français, 1814-1875 (Paris: Aubier Montaigne, 1985).
[67]André Jardin, Histoire du libéralisme politique de la crise de l'absolutisme à la constitution de 1875 (Paris: Hachette, 1985), p. 239.
[68]Cheryl Welch, Liberty and Utility: The French Idéologues and the Transformation of Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 156.
[69]Stendhal, Souvenirs d'égotisme, ed. Béatrice Didier (Paris: Gallimard, 1983), pp. 74-5.
[71]Robert Warren Brown, The Generation of 1820 during the Bourbon Restoration in France. A Biographical and Intellectual Portrait of the First Wave, 1814-1824 (Duke University, PhD, 1979. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International, 1988).
[72]Robert Warren Brown, The Generation of 1820 during the Bourbon Restoration, p. iii.
[73]Alan B. Spitzer, The French Generation of 1820 (Princeton University Press, 1987).
[74]Although not using the same terminology as Brown, Stanley Mellon in his pioneering study of the historiography of the Restoration period makes it very clear why history was so important and what political agenda it served: Stanley Mellon, The Political Uses of History: A Study of Historians in the French Restoration (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1958).
[75]See chapter three for a discussion of Dunoyer's view of the state in a purely industrial society. Molinari first presented his ideas on the complete privatisation of all government functions, a form of liberal anarchism in other words, in Gustave de Molinari, "De la production de la sécurité," Journal des Économistes, 1849, vol. 22, pp. 277-290, and a little later in Les soirées de la rue Saint-Lazare: entretiens sur les lois économique et défense de la propriété (Paris: Guillaumin, 1849), "Onzième soirée," pp. 303-337, and in other works throughout his long life. Molinari's anarchist form of laissez-faire liberalism is discussed in David M Hart, "Gustave de Molinari and the Anti-statist Liberal Tradition: Part I," Journal of Libertarian Studies, Summer 1981, vol. V, no. 3, pp. 263-290.
[76]Frank E. Manuel, The Prophets of Paris: Turgot, Condorcet, Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Comte (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), "Preface."