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Priam 1

Death of King Priam 1 at the altar of Zeus

Relevant links Trojan War

"Of all the cities that men live under the sun and the starry sky, the nearest to my heart was Troy, with Priam and the people of Priam." [Zeus to Hera. Homer, Iliad 4.45] "I have endured what no other mortal on the face of earth has yet endured, to reach forth my hand to the face of him that has slain my sons." [King Priam 1 to Achilles. Homer, Iliad 24.505]   Priam 1 was king of Troy when the Trojan War took place, and his fate was that of utter ruin for his country, his family, and himself. Heracles 1 puts Priam 1 on the throne When Heracles 1 came into conflict with King Laomedon 1 of Troy, he attacked the city, and having taken it, he killed the king and all his sons, except little Podarces, later called Priam 1, because, as they say, Heracles 1 was conquered by the child's tears. And instead of making a display of violence against a weak enemy, he chose to show mercy, and having decided to spare the life of the child, he told him: "Take the reins and rule your state, sitting on your father's throne, but wield the sceptre with better faith." [Heracles 1 to Priam 1. Seneca, Troades 718ff.] The Palace of Priam 1 Priam 1 ruled from a magnificent palace, which was fronted by marble colonnades. In the main building there were fifty apartments of polished stone, where his sons lived with their wives. His daughters occupied the chambers in the building on the other side of the courtyard, and there they lived with the sons-in-law of the king. Fought the AMAZONS Priam 1 is said to have fought the AMAZONS together with Mygdon, king of the Bebrycians, and Otreus 1, king of the Phrygians. But during the Trojan War, the AMAZONS fought as Trojan allies against the invading Achaeans. His two first sons with his second wife Priam 1 married first Arisbe, but he handed her over to the Phrygian Hyrtacus, and married a second wife Hecabe 1. Of this marriage Hector 1 was born first, but when a second child was about to be born Hecabe 1 dreamt she had brought forth a firebrand, which destroyed the city of Troy. Aesacus 1, who could interpret dreams, said that the child was to become the ruin of his country, and advised to expose him. When the child was born, King Priam 1, following the prophecy, gave his son to a servant Agelaus 2 in order to be exposed on Mount Ida, not far away from Troy. However, the child, having being nursed five days by a bear, survived, and when Agelaus 2 returned and found him safe, he carried the child away, called him Paris, and brought him up as his own son. Prophecy fulfilled The prophecy proved to be true, for Paris, having decided to get himself a wife from Hellas, sailed to Sparta and carried off lovely Helen from a warlike family. So, soon Priam 1 and the Trojans found themselves besieged by a powerful army, determined to face no matter which calamities in order to have that woman restored. Was Helen ever at Troy? Some have thought that there is no proportion between what is said to be the cause of this war, that is, the abduction of Helen, and the war itself, for they believe that such a huge event as the Trojan War is unlikely to be carried on to the end for the sake of a single woman. For Priam 1, they argue, could not be so mad as to agree to risk his house, people, and city so that Paris could sleep with Helen, nor Hector 1, who was the crown prince, could have allowed that folly. So they find more reasonable to believe that the war occurred because of a woman that was not at Troy, and not because of a woman that was there. And they proceed to say that the Trojans did not have Helen, and could not therefore give her back, but the Achaeans, disbelieving the Trojans, kept on fighting, and although they finally conquered the city, they could not find Helen at Troy. This is what they say they learned about the Trojan War through wise Egyptian priests, who affirmed that while the Achaeans and Trojans fought each other at Troy and perished, Helen and the property were safe in Egypt. Helen's beauty adorned the city But others have no doubt about Helen being at Troy. They even say that the Elders of the city, who the worst they fought the best they spoke, talked about her with admiration, praising her beauty and considering her a jewel, worth to possess: Who could blame the Trojans and Achaeans for suffering so long for such a woman's sake? Indeed she is the very image of an immortal goddess." [Elders of Troy. Homer, Iliad 3.155] And yet they could also come to their senses and add: "All the same, and lovely as she is, let her sail home and not stay here to vex us and our children after us." [Elders of Troy. Homer, Iliad 3.160] Priam 1 does not blame her King Priam 1 himself did not find her presence too embarrassing: "Dear child, come here and sit in front of me ... I bear you no ill will at all: I blame the gods." [Priam 1 to Helen. Homer, Iliad 3.162] Priam 1 does not oppose Paris Later, when the Elder Antenor 1 demanded in a Trojan council that Helen and the property be restored, and Paris answered that of both he would only restore the property, firmly declaring that he would not give Helen back, Priam 1 intervened, and far from putting pressure on his son, he recommended that Paris' offer should be proposed to the Achaeans, a proposal that was well received by the council, which acted on it. But the Achaeans, who by then had understood that the Trojans' doom was sealed, rejected the agreement. As the end approaches Priam 1 tries to influence the course of events It is not before Hector 1 declared that he would meet Achilles in single combat, that Priam 1 made a serious effort to change the course of events. For Hector 1 was the pillar of Troy's defence besides being his son, and if he fell everything else would follow in the fall. That is why he says: "I beg you, my dear son, no to stand up against Achilles alone and unsupported ... He is far stronger than you ... So come inside the walls, my child, to be the saviour of Troy and the Trojans ... Have pity too on me, your poor father ... Think of the horrors I shall have to see before I die, the massacre of my sons, my daughters abused, their bedrooms pillaged, their babies dashed on the ground ... and I shall be torn to pieces by dogs at my own street door." [Priam 1 to his son Hector 1. Homer, Iliad 22.40ff] But neither his words nor his wife's could change the resolution of the stubborn son. Priam 1 grovels in the dung When Achilles killed Hector 1, he inflicted the most shameful outrages to the dead man's body in front of the Trojan walls. As Priam 1 saw what was happening he was overwhelmed by anguish, and made an attempt to leave the city through the Dardanian Gate. His people finally stopped him but he, grovelling in the dung and weeping, implored them to let him go to the ships, and beg for the body of his son to the inhuman monster that was outraging it. Wrath makes a savage out of Achilles That was just the beginning, for Achilles, who did not know of other ways to calm his anger for the death of his dear friend Patroclus 1, planned to put to the sword twelve Trojan prisoners, and let them burn in the funeral pyre of Patroclus 1, which he also did. But the body of Hector 1 he intended to give to the dogs to eat. However, Aphrodite protected the corpse of Hector 1, anointing it with ambrosia, and the dogs did not approach, and when Achilles dragged the body with his chariot round Patroclus 1's grave, Apollo saved the flesh from destruction. Zeus puts limits In this way Achilles treated the body during twelve days. So seeing that there were no limits for Achilles' wrath, Zeus decided that the angry man should accept a ransom from King Priam 1, and give the body of Hector 1 up. For that purpose, Zeus sent Thetis to calm Achilles, and Iris 1 with a message for Priam 1, instructing him to come to the ships, and with the help of gifts, persuade Achilles. The bitterness of Priam 1 falls upon his sons That is how Priam 1 left Troy and went to see Achilles, carrying twelve robes, twelve cloaks, twelve sheets, twelve mantles, twelve tunics, and besides bringing gold, tripods, cauldrons, and a Thracian cup, at a time when he most of all wished to die. For no other son he loved so much as Hector 1, and that is why, while leaving for the ships to meet Achilles, this bitter father told them: "My good-for-nothing and inglorious sons! I only wish you had all been killed instead of Hector." [Priam 1 to several of his sons. Homer, Iliad 24.250] And so, hoping to be received by Achilles with kindness and compassion, he left the city. Priam 1 ransoms the body of Hector 1 Achilles had already made his mind since Thetis had persuaded him to let his wrath aside, so Priam 1 was able, after this delicate meeting, to ransom the corpse. But in all details he was forced to do as he was told, including to dine with the killer of his son. When they parted a truce of twelve days was agreed between Achilles and Priam 1 for the funeral of Hector 1. Death at last When later Troy was taken, Achilles' son Neoptolemus looked for Priam 1, who tired of witnessing so much ruin and death, longed himself to die. So on seeing Neoptolemus approaching the altar of Zeus where he had taken refuge he said: "Son of Achilles, slay me, and pity not my misery. I have no will to see the sun's light more." [Priam 1 to Neoptolemus. Quintus Smyrnaeus, The Fall of Troy 13.225] And Neoptolemus, dragging him out of the temple, slew him at the gate of his own palace. His house With the death of Priam 1 also his house was extinguished, but some have said that little Astyanax 2, son of Hector 1 and Priam 1's grandson, survived and years later became king of Scepsis, a place not far away from Troy. Namesake [Priam 2 is a companion of the exiled Aeneas.]

Family

Parentage [three versions] Laomedon 1 & Strymo Laomedon 1 & Leucippe 2 Laomedon 1 & Placia Laomedon 1 was king of Troy before Priam 1. During his time Apollo and Poseidon, disguised as mortal men fortified Troy for wages. But when they had done their work the king refused to pay their wages, and therefore Apollo sent a pestilence, and Poseidon a sea-monster which snatched away the people of the plain. Following oracles who promised deliverance from these calamities, Laomedon 1 exposed Hesione 2 to be devoured by the sea-monster. Seeing what was happening, Heracles 1 promised to save her on condition of receiving from Laomedon 1 the mares with which Zeus had compensated him for having ravished Ganymedes. The king accepted, but when Heracles 1 had saved the girl, Laomedon 1, as before, refused to give him the agreed reward. Because of this broken promise, Heracles 1 attacked Troy, killed Laomedon 1, and put Priam 1 on the throne. Strymo is a daughter of the river god Scamander 1 and Idaea 1. Placia is daughter of Otreus 1, a Phrygian warrior whose people had once fought with Priam 1 against the AMAZONS. Mates & Offspring ["a)", "b)", etc. stand for opposite versions. "---" means unknown, that is, other women] Mates Offspring  Notes --- Aegeoneus Apd.3.12.5. a) Arisbe b) Alexiroe Aesacus 1 Arisbe was the daughter of the seer Merops 1. Alexiroe was the daughter of the River God Granicus. Aesacus 1, who learned the art of interpreting dreams from Merops 1, is the man who declared that Paris was to become the ruin of Troy, and advised, when Paris was born, to expose him. When his wife Asterope 1 died, he mourned for her and was turned into a diving bird. Apd.3.12.5; Ov.Met.11.763. --- Agathon Apd.3.12.5; Hyg.Fab.90.   --- Antinous 1 Hyg.Fab.90. --- Antiphonus Killed by Neoptolemus at Troy. Hom.Il.24.250; QS.13.215. Hecabe 1 Antiphus 2 Killed by Agamemnon, at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.4.489, 11.109. --- Archemachus 1 Apd.3.12.5; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Aretus 1 Killed by Automedon, at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.17.516ff.; Hyg.Fab.90 --- Aristodeme Apd.3.12.5. --- Aristomache A Trojan captive. She was married to Critolaus, the son of Hicetaon 1, who was one of the Elders of Troy. Pau.10.26.1. --- Ascanius 1 Apd.3.12.5; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Astygonus Apd.3.12.5. --- Astynomus Hyg.Fab.90. --- Atas Apd.3.12.5. --- Axion 2 Killed by Eurypylus 1, at Troy. Hyg.Fab.90; Pau.10.27.2. --- Biantes 2 Hyg.Fab.90. --- Bias 2 Bias 2 was father of Laogonous 2 and Dardanus 2. These two were killed by Achilles at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.20.460. --- Brissonius Hyg.Fab.90. Hecabe 1 Cassandra --- Cebriones Cebriones was Hector 1's charioteer after Archeptolemus' death. Cebriones was killed by Patroclus 1 at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.8.318, 16.727; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Chersidamas 1 Killed by Odysseus at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.11.423; Ov.Met.13.259. --- Chirodamas Hyg.Fab.90. --- Chromius 1 Killed by Diomedes 2 at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.5.160; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Chrysolaus Hyg.Fab.90.   --- Clonius 1 Apd.3.12.5. Hecabe 1 Creusa 2 Creusa 2 was married to Aeneas. She was left behind when Aeneas abandoned Troy. Their children are Ascanius 2, and Etias. According to some, Aeneas named the city of Etis (Laconia) after his daughter Etias. Ascanius 2 became king of Latium after his father, reigned 38 years, and founded Alba on Mount Albanus. Apd.3.12.5; Hyg.Fab.90; Pau.3.22.10, 10.26.1; Vir.Aen.2.675, 2.738ff. --- Deiopites Killed by Meges 1 at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hyg.Fab.90; QS.13.212. Hecabe 1 Deiphobus 1 After the death of Paris, Helenus 1 and Deiphobus 1 quarrelled as to which of them should marry Helen. Deiphobus 1 did marry her, but at the end of the war he was killed by Menelaus, who smote him in the midst of the belly, pouring forth his liver and guts. Apd.3.12.5; Apd.Ep.5.9, 5.22; Eur.Tro.959; Hom.Il.13.528, 22.225ff.; QS.13.355; SI.1; Try.465, 627; Vir.Aen.6.494, 6.509ff. --- Demnosia Hyg.Fab.90. --- Democoon Killed by Odysseus at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.4.499. --- Demosthea Hyg.Fab.90. --- Dius 1 Hom.Il.24.251; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Dolon 2 Hyg.Fab.90. --- Doryclus 1 Killed by Ajax 1 at Troy. Apd.3.12.5, Hom.Il.11.489; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Dryops 2 Killed by Achilles at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.20.455; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Echemmon 1 Killed by Diomedes 2 at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.5.160. --- Echephron 1 Apd.3.12.5. --- Eresus Hyg.Fab.90. --- Ethionome Hyg.Fab.90. --- Evagoras 1 Apd.3.12.5; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Evander 1 Apd.3.12.5; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Glaucus 2 Apd.3.12.5. Castianira Gorgythion Killed by Teucer 1, at Troy. Hom.Il.8.300ff.; Hyg.Fab.90. Hecabe 1 Hector 1 Hector 1 was the main Trojan Leader. He was married to Andromache by whom he had a child, little Astyanax 2. Hector 1 was killed by Achilles, and Andromache was assigned to Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, at the end of the Trojan War. Little Astyanax 2, who was still a baby by the end of the Trojan War, was thrown from the battlements at Troy by the Achaeans according to some, or thrown down from a tower by Neoptolemus according to others, or as still others say murdered by Odysseus. However, in spite of the different death accounts, he is also said to have been taken by Neoptolemus and later permitted to return home from Hellas. He became king of Scepsis near Mt. Ida in the Troad. Hecabe 1 Helenus 1 Helenus 1 is the seer who was forced to tell the Achaeans how Troy could be taken. After the Trojan War, he was taken captive by Neoptolemus to Epirus, and after Neoptolemus' death he became king of Epirus. This is so because Helenus 1 married Neoptolemus' mother Deidamia 1. Later he also married Andromache, and had by her a child Cestrinus. --- Henicea Hyg.Fab.90. --- Hero 1 Hyg.Fab.90. --- Hippasus 9 Hyg.Fab.90. --- Hippodamas 2 Killed by Achilles at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.20.401. Hecabe 1 Hipponous 2 Killed by Achilles at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; QS.3.155. --- Hipposidus Hyg.Fab.90. --- Hippothous 4 Apd.3.12.5; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Hyperion 2 Apd.3.12.5. --- Hyperochus Apd.3.12.5; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Idomeneus 2 Apd.3.12.5. --- Ilagus Hyg.Fab.90. --- Iliona See Polydorus 3 below. Hyg.Fab.109, 243; Vir.Aen.1.653. --- Isus Bastard son of Priam 1 who drove the chariot of Antiphus 2. He was killed by Agamemnon at Troy. Hom.Il.11.101ff. Hecabe 1 Laodice 3 The fairest of the daughters of Priam 1, wife of Helicaon 1, son of Antenor 1; she is also called wife of Telephus, son of Heracles 1. It is said that when Troy had fallen she was swallowed up by a chasm in the earth in the sight of all. It is also told that Laodice 3 had intercourse with Acamas 1, the son of Theseus, when he came to Troy along with Diomedes 2 to ask for the restoration of Helen. They had a child Munitus who was brought up in Troy by Aethra 2, who was the child's great-grandmother and at the time was enslaved, serving as Helen's maid. Acamas 1 brought Munitus home after the war. Later he was killed, while hunting, by a snake. Apd.3.12.5; Apd.Ep.5.23; Hom.Il.3.123; Hyg.Fab.90, 101; Parth.16.4; QS.13.545; Try.660. --- Laodocus 1 Apd.3.12.5. Laothoe 2 Lycaon 1 Laothoe 2 is a daughter of King Altes, who ruled over the Lelegians, who lived about the river Satnioeis, which is in the Troad, that is, the region about Troy. It is the cuirass of Lycaon 1 that Paris, his brother, used in his duel against Menelaus. Later during the war, Apollo took the likeness of Lycaon 1 when he addressed Aeneas, telling him to fight Achilles man to man. The first time Achilles captured Lycaon 1 during the Trojan War, he sold him to Lemnos, then ruled by King Euneus 1, son of Jason, captain of the ARGONAUTS, who paid a good price for him. Later Eetion 3 of Imbros (island in northern Aegean Sea south of Samothrace) paid a great ransom for him, and sent him to Arisbe (a city in the Troad). However, twelve days afterwards Lycaon 1 fell once more into the hands of Achilles. Full of fear, Lycaon 1 reached Achilles' knees, and supplicated for his life: "Be merciful and spare me ... How Zeus must hate me to have made me twice your prisoner... I was not borne by the same mother as Hector, who killed your brave and gentle friend ..." [Lycaon 1 to Achilles. Homer, Iliad 21.75] But Achilles killed Lycaon 1 and hurled his body into the river Scamander, saying: "Lie there, among the fish, where they can lick the blood from your wound" [Achilles. Homer, Iliad 21.123] Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.3.333, 20.81, 21.85, 21.114. --- Lysianassa 4 Hyg.Fab.90. --- Lysides Hyg.Fab.90. --- Lysimache 2 Apd.3.12.5. --- Lysithous Apd.3.12.5. --- Medesicaste 1 Was married to Imbrius, son of Mentor 3. He had lived at Pedaeum before the Achaeans came to Troy. He was killed by Teucer 1, at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.13.173; Pau.10.25.9. --- Medusa 3 Apd.3.12.5; Hyg.Fab.90; Pau.10.26.9. --- Melanippus 2 Killed by Teucer 1 at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.8.276. --- Mestor 2 Killed by Achilles at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Apd.Ep.3.32; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Mylius Apd.3.12.5. --- Nereis Hyg.Fab.90. --- Palaemon 4 Hyg.Fab.90. Hecabe 1 Pammon 1 Killed by Neoptolemus at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; QS.6.317, 13.214. Hecabe 1 Paris See also Trojan War and Helen. --- Phegea Hyg.Fab.90. --- Philaemon Apd.3.12.5. --- Philomela 3 Hyg.Fab.90. Hecabe 1 Polites 1 Killed by Neoptolemus at Troy. Apd.3.12.5; Hom.Il.2.790ff., 13.533; Hyg.Fab.90; QS.13.214; Vir.Aen.2.526, 5.564. a) Hecabe 1 b) Laothoe 2 Polydorus 3 When Polydorus 3 was born, Priam 1 and Hecabe 1 gave him to Iliona to be reared. She was the wife of Polymestor 1, king of the Bistonians in Thrace. She brought Polydorus 3 up as her own son, and her son by Polymestor 1, Deipylus 1, as if he were her brother, so that if anything happened to either of them she could give the other to the parents. After the fall of Troy, the Achaeans wanted to destroy the race of Priam 1; they killed little Astyanax 2, son of Hector 1, and promised Polymestor 1 much gold if he would kill Polydorus 3. Polymestor 1 accepted the shameful bribe, and slew his own son Deipylus 1 thinking he was Polydorus 3. In the meantime, Polydorus 3 consulted the Oracle of Apollo, and was told that Troy was burned, his father murdered, and his mother held in servitude. When he returned and saw the difference between his home and the words of the Oracle, he asked his sister Iliona why the Oracle had spoken falsely. Iliona told him the truth, and by her advice Polydorus 3 blinded Polymestor 1 and killed him, or as some say, Iliona blinded him herself. Others say, however that Polydorus 3 was in fact killed by Polymestor 1 as this one was tempted by the treasure Polydorus 3 had brought with him from Troy when Priam 1 send him away from the war. Still others say that Polydorus 3 was killed by Achilles. Apd.3.12.5; Eur.Hec.3, 25; Hom.Il.20.407ff., 22.46; Hyg.Fab.90; Ov.Met.13.430ff.; QS.4.154. --- Polymedon Apd.3.12.5; Hyg.Fab.90. --- Polymelus 2 Hyg.Fab.90. Hecabe 1 Polyxena 1 Polyxena 1 was slaughtered on the grave of Achilles by the Achaeans and buried in the house of Antenor 1. Some say that Achilles fell in love with Polyxena 1 and when he came for an interview, having sought her in marriage, was killed by Paris and Deiphobus 1. Apd.3.12.5; Apd.Ep.5.23; Eur.Hec.40, 174 and passim; Eur.Tro.622; QS.14.267ff., 14.323; SI.1; Try.686. --- Proneus Hyg.Fab.90. --- Protodamas Hyg.Fab.90. --- Telestas Apd.3.12.5. Hecabe 1 Troilus Killed by Achilles at Troy. Troilus is also called son of Apollo. Apd.3.12.5; Apd.Ep.3.32; CYP.1; Hyg.Fab.90; QS.4.155, 4.420.

Abolengo Album - High Resolution Genealogical Charts

Names in this chart Acamas 1, Adrastus 2, Aeneas, Aesacus 1, Agamemnon, Aganus, Agathon, Ajax 2, Altes, Andromache, Antinous 1, Antiphonus, Antiphus 2, Archemachus 1, Aretus 1, Arisbe, Aristodeme, Aristomache, Ascanius 1, Ascanius 2, Asterope 1, Astyanax 2, Astygonus, Astynomus, Astyoche 3, Atas, Atlas, Axion 2, Batia 1, Biantes 2, Bias 2, Brissonius, Bunomus, Callirrhoe 3, Cassandra, Castianira, Cebren, Cebriones, Cestrinus, Chersidamas 1, Chirodamas, Chromius 1, Chrysolaus, Clonius 1, Corythus 4, Creusa 2, Dardanus 1, Dardanus 2, Deidamia, Deiphobus 1, Deipylus 1, Demnosia, Democoon, Demosthea, Dius 1, Dolon 2, Doryclus 1, Dryops 2, Dymas 2, Echemmon 1, Echephron 1, Electra 3, Eresus, Erichthonius 1, Ethionome, Etias, Eurydice 6, Evagoras 1, Evander 1, Glaucus 2, Gorgythion, Hecabe 1, Hector 1, Helen, Helenus 1, Helicaon 1, Henicea, Hero 1, Hippasus 9, Hippodamas 2, Hipponous 2, Hipposidus, Hippothous 4, Hyperion 2, Hyperochus, Idaea 1, Idaeus 5, Idomeneus 2, Ilagus, Iliona, Ilus 2, Imbrius, Isus, Iulus 2, Laodice 3, Laodocus 1, Laogonus 2, Laomedon 1, Laothoe 2, Lycaon 1, Lysianassa 4, Lysides, Lysimache 2, Lysithous, Medesicaste 1, Medusa 3, Melanippus 2, Merops 1, Mestor 2, Munitus, Mylius, Nereis, Oenone 1, Otreus 1, Palaemon 4, Pammon 1, Paris, Pelops 2, Phegea, Philaemon, Philomela 3, Placia, Pleione, Polydorus 3, Polymedon, Polymelus 2, Polymestor 1, Polyxena 1, Priam 1, Proneus, Protodamas, Romus, Scamander 1, Simois, Teledamus 1, Telephus, Telestas, Teucer 2, Troilus, Tros 1, Zeus.

 

Sources Abbreviations	Apd.3.12.3-5; Apd.Ep.5.21; Hom.Il. passim; QS.13.238; SI.1; Try.634; Vir.Aen.2.550ff., 8.157.

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