Asynchronous Population – cells all throughout the cell cycle

Synchronous Population – group of cells that are all in the same part of the cell cycle

Mitotic Harvest – is the manual transfer of cells goin through Mitosis from one Petri dish to another.  Once they are transferred all of the cells in the Petri dish are in Mitosis and therefore in synchronization.

G2M Block – is the irradiation of cells with 60 rads which causes a delay in all of the cells that where going from G2 to Mitosis.  Called Mitotic Delay. Also most of the cells that where going through Mitosis at that time die.  Once the delay ends all of the

cells will go through G2 together.

B.I.D. – treatment twice a day based on the fact at the end of the G2M block all of the cells wil be going into Mitosis at the same time (approximately 5 – 6 hours)

Tritiated Thymidine H3Tdr – is a radioactive labeler that will be picked up by the cells undergoing DNA Synthesis in the S Phase.  It will replace the natural Thymine.

Hydroxyurea – is an anti- metabolite that puts a G1 block on the cell cycle.  It also attacks the cells that are in the S Phase. (also used as a chemo drug)

Bromoeoxyuridine BUDR – is a radioactive labeler that replaces the Uracil in the S Phase of the Cell cycle.  (also used to make cells hypoxic)

Radiation effects on cells : nothing can happen, cells die immediately, reproductive death and recovery

Reproductive death – a group of cells is only  considered viable if it can undergo 5 Mitotis Cycles.  If radiation cause the cells to go through less then it is considered Reproductive Death.

Recovery -  damage can be repaired (restitution – Elkind Repair).  Normal cells are more likely to repair.  (only with therapeutic doses)

Chromosome aberrations (mutations) – is the changing in the base pairing of the chromosome before the cells goes into S Phase. (results in 2 daughter cells with the same mutation.)

Chromatid Abberations (mutations) – mutation caused by the irradiation during G2 Phase.  (results in 1 good cell and 1 damaged cell)

Dicentric and Acentric Fragments – there is a loss of genetic information because of a break in the Arms of a chromosome.  The chromosome will not be able to perform cytokinesis.  (LETHAL EVENTS)

Translocation  - is where the genetic information switches.  It is a mutation which can be good or bad. (NOT A LETHAL EVENT)

Deletion – the middle fragement of 2 breaks caused by 2 photons hitting the arm is deleted from the arm (NOT A LETHAL EVENT)

Inversion – the middle fragement of 2 breaks caused by 2 photons is switched around causing the gentic information to be changed (NOT A LETHAL EVENT)

Ring Formation – is where 2 broken arms are joined together.  When this happens 99.9% of the cells die.  (LETHAL EVENT)

Ananphase Bridge – is formed between the 2 broken ends of 2 chromosomes on the spindle.  It will eventually break hen the spindle migrates to the opposite poles. (LETHAL EVENT)

Bergoni and Tribondeau – French Scientist who in 1906 performed studies on plant cells, cancers of the human cervix, and sheep testicles.  They classified cells into different groups and wanted to figure out if a tumor was going to shrink or if it was goin to grow using the Mitotic Index and Labeling Index.

Mitotic Index – is the percent of cells that are going through Mitosis

Labeling Index – is the percent of cells that are going through S Phase of the cell cycle.

Growth Fraction – tells if the tumor is going to shrink or grow

Cell Cycle Time (CCT) – how fast the cell cycle is

Basic Laws of Bergoni and Trignbondeau (Basic Laws of Radiosensitivity) – they must have a high mitotic rate, must have a long mitotic future, and they must be of a primitive type (undifferentiated cells)

Undifferentiated – an immature , embryonic or primitive cell.  It has a non-specific appearance with multiple non-specific functions.

Differentiated – exhibiting biological specialization; to become distinct or specialized. The more differentiated a cell is the more radioresistant it will be.

Morphology – the form or structure of an organism or part of an organism or cell.  The study of form or structure.

Cassarett – classified mammalian cells into 4 categories : vegetative intermitotic, differentiated intermitotic, reverting post mitotic, and fixed post mitotic

Division Delay – radiation causes a delay in cells that are given a dose of 50 – 300 cGy

Mitotic Overshoot – point where all the cells that were synchronized are now all going through Mitosis at the same time